SemScore: Automated Evaluation of Instruction-Tuned LLMs based on Semantic Textual Similarity
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Abstract (arXiv)
Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable advancements in their ability to generate fitting responses to natural language instructions. However, many current works rely on manual evaluation to judge the quality of generated responses. Since such manual evaluation is time-consuming, it does not easily scale to the evaluation of multiple models and model variants. In this short paper, we propose a straightforward but remarkably effective evaluation metric called SemScore, in which we directly compare model outputs to gold target responses using semantic textual similarity (STS). We conduct a comparative evaluation of the model outputs of 12 prominent instruction-tuned LLMs using 8 widely-used evaluation metrics for text generation. We find that our proposed SemScore metric outperforms all other, in many cases more complex, evaluation metrics in terms of correlation to human evaluation. These findings indicate the utility of our proposed metric for the evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2024.
Builds on
22 of 43 references.
References · 22
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- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
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10 more
- 2023Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluatorscited by 1,050
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.
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- 2026Med-Scout: Curing MLLMs' Geometric Blindness in Medical Perception via Geometry-Aware RL Post-Training30 Jan 2026
- 2025SafeDriveRAG: Towards Safe Autonomous Driving with Knowledge Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation29 Jul 2025
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- 2025Unequal Opportunities: Examining the Bias in Geographical Recommendations by Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025FeynTune: Large Language Models for High-Energy Theorycited by 2
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- 2026Probabilistic Concept-Aware Steering for Trustworthy LLM Inferencecited by 0
- 2026Understanding Multilingual Medical ASR Adaptation Through Layer-Wise Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Understanding Multilingual Medical ASR Adaptation Through Layer-Wise Analysis19 Aug 2026
- 2026Probabilistic Concept-Aware Steering for Trustworthy LLM Inference15 May 2026
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- 2025A-VERT: Agnostic Verification with Embedding Ranking Targets1 Oct 2025
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- 2025QUDsim: Quantifying Discourse Similarities in LLM-Generated Text12 Apr 2025
- 2025Unequal Opportunities: Examining the Bias in Geographical Recommendations by Large Language Models16 Mar 2025
- 2024Tele-LLMs: A Series of Specialized Large Language Models for Telecommunications9 Sep 2024
- 2024KPC-cF: Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis via Implicit-Feature Alignment with Corpus Filtering29 Jun 2024