mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SemScore: Automated Evaluation of Instruction-Tuned LLMs based on Semantic Textual Similarity

arXiv 2401.17072 ↗First posted 30 Jan 2024cs.CLcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable advancements in their ability to generate fitting responses to natural language instructions. However, many current works rely on manual evaluation to judge the quality of generated responses. Since such manual evaluation is time-consuming, it does not easily scale to the evaluation of multiple models and model variants. In this short paper, we propose a straightforward but remarkably effective evaluation metric called SemScore, in which we directly compare model outputs to gold target responses using semantic textual similarity (STS). We conduct a comparative evaluation of the model outputs of 12 prominent instruction-tuned LLMs using 8 widely-used evaluation metrics for text generation. We find that our proposed SemScore metric outperforms all other, in many cases more complex, evaluation metrics in terms of correlation to human evaluation. These findings indicate the utility of our proposed metric for the evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2024.

Builds on

22 of 43 references.

References · 22

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
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  6. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,747
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10 more
  1. 2023Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluatorscited by 1,050
  2. 2015Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehendcited by 1,039
  3. 2020COMET: A Neural Framework for MT Evaluationcited by 1,024
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  6. 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 719
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  8. 2023"Kelly is a Warm Person, Joseph is a Role Model": Gender Biases in LLM-Generated Reference Letterscited by 196
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2024AutoRAG: Automated Framework for optimization of Retrieval Augmented Generation Pipelinecited by 26
  2. 2024Tele-LLMs: A Series of Specialized Large Language Models for Telecommunicationscited by 25
  3. 2024Can LVLMs Obtain a Driver's License? A Benchmark Towards Reliable AGI for Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
  4. 2025SafeDriveRAG: Towards Safe Autonomous Driving with Knowledge Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 14
  5. 2025QUDsim: Quantifying Discourse Similarities in LLM-Generated Textcited by 13
  6. 2025SECA: Semantically Equivalent and Coherent Attacks for Eliciting LLM Hallucinationscited by 9
  7. 2024MoRSE: Bridging the Gap in Cybersecurity Expertise with Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 8
  8. 2025Position: Towards a Responsible LLM-empowered Multi-Agent Systemscited by 7
  9. 2025Unequal Opportunities: Examining the Bias in Geographical Recommendations by Large Language Modelscited by 7
  10. 2025Benchmarking Critical Questions Generation: A Challenging Reasoning Task for Large Language Modelscited by 2
  11. 2025FeynTune: Large Language Models for High-Energy Theorycited by 2
  12. 2026Med-Scout: Curing MLLMs' Geometric Blindness in Medical Perception via Geometry-Aware RL Post-Trainingcited by 1
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  2. 2025FRIDA to the Rescue! Analyzing Synthetic Data Effectiveness in Object-Based Common Sense Reasoning for Disaster Responsecited by 0
  3. 2025A-VERT: Agnostic Verification with Embedding Ranking Targetscited by 0
  4. 2026"I Don't Know" -- Towards Appropriate Trust with Certainty-Aware Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 0
  5. 2026Probabilistic Concept-Aware Steering for Trustworthy LLM Inferencecited by 0
  6. 2026Understanding Multilingual Medical ASR Adaptation Through Layer-Wise Analysiscited by 0