SubData: Bridging Heterogeneous Datasets to Enable Theory-Driven Evaluation of Political and Demographic Perspectives in LLMs
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
As increasingly capable large language models (LLMs) emerge, researchers have begun exploring their potential for subjective tasks. While recent work demonstrates that LLMs can be aligned with diverse human perspectives, evaluating this alignment on downstream tasks (e.g., hate speech detection) remains challenging due to the use of inconsistent datasets across studies. To address this issue, in this resource paper we propose a two-step framework: we (1) introduce SubData, an open-source Python library designed for standardizing heterogeneous datasets to evaluate LLMs perspective alignment; and (2) present a theory-driven approach leveraging this library to test how differently-aligned LLMs (e.g., aligned with different political viewpoints) classify content targeting specific demographics. SubData's flexible mapping and taxonomy enable customization for diverse research needs, distinguishing it from existing resources. We illustrate its usage with an example application and invite contributions to extend our initial release into a multi-construct benchmark suite for evaluating LLMs perspective alignment on natural language processing tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Dec 2024.
Builds on
33 of 47 references.
References · 33
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
- 2021Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Modelscited by 966
- 2020Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLPcited by 956
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 773
- 2022Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samplescited by 752
- 2023Towards Measuring the Representation of Subjective Global Opinions in Language Modelscited by 437
- 2022ToxiGen: A Large-Scale Machine-Generated Dataset for Adversarial and Implicit Hate Speech Detectioncited by 422
- 2024Scaling Synthetic Data Creation with 1,000,000,000 Personascited by 417
21 more
- 2020HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detectioncited by 407
- 2021Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detectioncited by 264
- 2023From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Modelscited by 260
- 2020Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detectioncited by 221
- 2020HateCheck: Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 216
- 2024Political Compass or Spinning Arrow? Towards More Meaningful Evaluations for Values and Opinions in Large Language Modelscited by 162
- 2024The PRISM Alignment Dataset: What Participatory, Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Modelscited by 144
- 2020Directions in Abusive Language Training Data: Garbage In, Garbage Outcited by 140
- 2021Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speechcited by 82
- 2023Sensitivity, Performance, Robustness: Deconstructing the Effect of Sociodemographic Promptingcited by 81
- 2024Evaluating Large Language Model Biases in Persona-Steered Generationcited by 78
- 2024PERSONA: A Reproducible Testbed for Pluralistic Alignmentcited by 73
- 2023The Ecological Fallacy in Annotation: Modelling Human Label Variation goes beyond Sociodemographicscited by 46
- 2024Human and LLM Biases in Hate Speech Annotations: A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Annotators and Targetscited by 31
- 2023OpinionGPT: Modelling Explicit Biases in Instruction-Tuned LLMscited by 29
- 2024Strong and weak alignment of large language models with human valuescited by 27
- 2024How Susceptible are Large Language Models to Ideological Manipulation?cited by 26
- 2024Mapping and Influencing the Political Ideology of Large Language Models using Synthetic Personascited by 16
- 2024COMMUNITY-CROSS-INSTRUCT: Unsupervised Instruction Generation for Aligning Large Language Models to Online Communitiescited by 12
- 2024Robustness and Confounders in the Demographic Alignment of LLMs with Human Perceptions of Offensivenesscited by 7
- 2024The Unseen Targets of Hate -- A Systematic Review of Hateful Communication Datasetscited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
3 papers.
- 2026Persona Conditioning as an Assessor-Sensitivity Probe for LLM-Based IR Evaluation11 Aug 2026
- 2025Ideology-Based LLMs for Content Moderation29 Oct 2025
- 2025Political Ideology Shifts in Large Language Models22 Aug 2025