Llama meets EU: Investigating the European Political Spectrum through the Lens of LLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Instruction-finetuned Large Language Models inherit clear political leanings that have been shown to influence downstream task performance. We expand this line of research beyond the two-party system in the US and audit Llama Chat in the context of EU politics in various settings to analyze the model's political knowledge and its ability to reason in context. We adapt, i.e., further fine-tune, Llama Chat on speeches of individual euro-parties from debates in the European Parliament to reevaluate its political leaning based on the EUandI questionnaire. Llama Chat shows considerable knowledge of national parties' positions and is capable of reasoning in context. The adapted, party-specific, models are substantially re-aligned towards respective positions which we see as a starting point for using chat-based LLMs as data-driven conversational engines to assist research in political science.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Mar 2024.
Builds on
9 of 18 references.
References · 9
- 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,846
- 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,562
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 759
- 2018Scalable agent alignment via reward modeling: a research directioncited by 438
- 2021BOLD: Dataset and Metrics for Measuring Biases in Open-Ended Language Generationcited by 410
- 2023From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Modelscited by 257
- 2023The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientationcited by 183
- 2023Adapting Large Language Models to Domains via Reading Comprehensioncited by 48
- 2023OpinionGPT: Modelling Explicit Biases in Instruction-Tuned LLMscited by 29
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
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- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024Bias in the Mirror: Are LLMs opinions robust to their own adversarial attacks ?cited by 8
- 2024Investigating LLMs as Voting Assistants via Contextual Augmentation: A Case Study on the European Parliament Elections 2024cited by 6
- 2025Do Political Opinions Transfer Between Western Languages? An Analysis of Unaligned and Aligned Multilingual LLMscited by 6
- 2025Decoding Alignment: A Critical Survey of LLM Development Initiatives through Value-setting and Data-centric Lenscited by 3
- 2025Better Aligned with Survey Respondents or Training Data? Unveiling Political Leanings of LLMs on U.S. Supreme Court Casescited by 2
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectivescited by 2
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?cited by 1
- 2025Probing the Subtle Ideological Manipulation of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025Persona-driven Simulation of Voting Behavior in the European Parliament with Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025PledgeTracker: A System for Monitoring the Fulfilment of Pledgescited by 0
- 2026A Multi-Dimensional Audit of Politically Aligned Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026EviMap: Evidence-Grounded Hierarchical Topic Maps for Exploring Unlabeled Corpora6 Sep 2026
- 2026Polistemics: Evaluating LLMs as Information Mediators in Politics & Elections28 Jul 2026
- 2026A Multi-Dimensional Audit of Politically Aligned Large Language Models27 Apr 2026
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?4 Mar 2026
- 2025PledgeTracker: A System for Monitoring the Fulfilment of Pledges15 Sep 2025
- 2025Decoding Alignment: A Critical Survey of LLM Development Initiatives through Value-setting and Data-centric Lens23 Aug 2025
- 2025Do Political Opinions Transfer Between Western Languages? An Analysis of Unaligned and Aligned Multilingual LLMs7 Aug 2025
- 2025Persona-driven Simulation of Voting Behavior in the European Parliament with Large Language Models13 Jun 2025
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectives26 May 2025
- 2025Probing the Subtle Ideological Manipulation of Large Language Models19 Apr 2025
- 2025Better Aligned with Survey Respondents or Training Data? Unveiling Political Leanings of LLMs on U.S. Supreme Court Cases25 Feb 2025
- 2024Bias in the Mirror: Are LLMs opinions robust to their own adversarial attacks ?17 Oct 2024
- 2025Do Political Opinions Transfer Between Western Languages? An Analysis of Unaligned and Aligned Multilingual LLMscited by 6
- 2025Decoding Alignment: A Critical Survey of LLM Development Initiatives through Value-setting and Data-centric Lenscited by 3
- 2026A Multi-Dimensional Audit of Politically Aligned Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026A Multi-Dimensional Audit of Politically Aligned Large Language Models27 Apr 2026
- 2025Decoding Alignment: A Critical Survey of LLM Development Initiatives through Value-setting and Data-centric Lens23 Aug 2025
- 2025Do Political Opinions Transfer Between Western Languages? An Analysis of Unaligned and Aligned Multilingual LLMs7 Aug 2025
- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024Bias in the Mirror: Are LLMs opinions robust to their own adversarial attacks ?cited by 8
- 2025Better Aligned with Survey Respondents or Training Data? Unveiling Political Leanings of LLMs on U.S. Supreme Court Casescited by 2
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectivescited by 2
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?cited by 1
- 2025Probing the Subtle Ideological Manipulation of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025Persona-driven Simulation of Voting Behavior in the European Parliament with Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025PledgeTracker: A System for Monitoring the Fulfilment of Pledgescited by 0
- 2026Polistemics: Evaluating LLMs as Information Mediators in Politics & Electionscited by 0
- 2026EviMap: Evidence-Grounded Hierarchical Topic Maps for Exploring Unlabeled Corporacited by 0
- 2026EviMap: Evidence-Grounded Hierarchical Topic Maps for Exploring Unlabeled Corpora6 Sep 2026
- 2026Polistemics: Evaluating LLMs as Information Mediators in Politics & Elections28 Jul 2026
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?4 Mar 2026
- 2025PledgeTracker: A System for Monitoring the Fulfilment of Pledges15 Sep 2025
- 2025Persona-driven Simulation of Voting Behavior in the European Parliament with Large Language Models13 Jun 2025
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectives26 May 2025
- 2025Probing the Subtle Ideological Manipulation of Large Language Models19 Apr 2025
- 2025Better Aligned with Survey Respondents or Training Data? Unveiling Political Leanings of LLMs on U.S. Supreme Court Cases25 Feb 2025
- 2024Bias in the Mirror: Are LLMs opinions robust to their own adversarial attacks ?17 Oct 2024
- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Models16 Jun 2024