EditNTS: An Neural Programmer-Interpreter Model for Sentence Simplification through Explicit Editing
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present the first sentence simplification model that learns explicit edit operations (ADD, DELETE, and KEEP) via a neural programmer-interpreter approach. Most current neural sentence simplification systems are variants of sequence-to-sequence models adopted from machine translation. These methods learn to simplify sentences as a byproduct of the fact that they are trained on complex-simple sentence pairs. By contrast, our neural programmer-interpreter is directly trained to predict explicit edit operations on targeted parts of the input sentence, resembling the way that humans might perform simplification and revision. Our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art neural sentence simplification models (without external knowledge) by large margins on three benchmark text simplification corpora in terms of SARI (+0.95 WikiLarge, +1.89 WikiSmall, +1.41 Newsela), and is judged by humans to produce overall better and simpler output sentences.
Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 21; 2023: 14; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2022Understanding Iterative Revision from Human-Written Textcited by 56
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
- 2021Paragraph-level Simplification of Medical Textscited by 52
- 2021Keep it Simple: Unsupervised Simplification of Multi-Paragraph Textcited by 45
- 2022EdiT5: Semi-Autoregressive Text-Editing with T5 Warm-Startcited by 35
- 2022Evaluating Factuality in Text Simplificationcited by 34
- 2021Focus Attention: Promoting Faithfulness and Diversity in Summarizationcited by 30
- 2021Text Simplification by Taggingcited by 27
- 2021Document-Level Text Simplification: Dataset, Criteria and Baselinecited by 27
- 2022SEAT: Stable and Explainable Attentioncited by 25
- 2021Beyond In-Place Corruption: Insertion and Deletion In Denoising Probabilistic Modelscited by 23
- 2022Text Generation with Text-Editing Modelscited by 21
38 more
- 2022An Imitation Learning Curriculum for Text Editing with Non-Autoregressive Modelscited by 20
- 2022On the Ethical Considerations of Text Simplificationcited by 20
- 2022Improving Iterative Text Revision by Learning Where to Edit from Other Revision Taskscited by 20
- 2021Idiomatic Expression Identification using Semantic Compatibilitycited by 19
- 2021Interpreting Deep Learning Models in Natural Language Processing: A Reviewcited by 19
- 2022Text Revision by On-the-Fly Representation Optimizationcited by 17
- 2021Learning Structural Edits via Incremental Tree Transformationscited by 16
- 2023Prompt-Based Editing for Text Style Transfercited by 16
- 2021Neural semi-Markov CRF for Monolingual Word Alignmentcited by 15
- 2023Dancing Between Success and Failure: Edit-level Simplification Evaluation using SALSAcited by 15
- 2021An Unsupervised Method for Building Sentence Simplification Corpora in Multiple Languagescited by 14
- 2023Sentence Simplification via Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2023Elaborative Simplification as Implicit Questions Under Discussioncited by 14
- 2021A New Approach to Overgenerating and Scoring Abstractive Summariescited by 13
- 2023Learning to Paraphrase Sentences to Different Complexity Levelscited by 11
- 2023Teaching the Pre-trained Model to Generate Simple Texts for Text Simplificationcited by 10
- 2021Search and Learn: Improving Semantic Coverage for Data-to-Text Generationcited by 8
- 2023Non-autoregressive Text Editing with Copy-aware Latent Alignmentscited by 8
- 2021Transcribing Natural Languages for The Deaf via Neural Editing Programscited by 7
- 2022Explicit Image Caption Editingcited by 7
- 2022GRS: Combining Generation and Revision in Unsupervised Sentence Simplificationcited by 6
- 2021Investigating Text Simplification Evaluationcited by 5
- 2021Simulated annealing for optimization of graphs and sequencescited by 5
- 2022Improving Zero-Shot Event Extraction via Sentence Simplificationcited by 5
- 2023Sequentially Controlled Text Generationcited by 5
- 2023A New Dataset and Empirical Study for Sentence Simplification in Chinesecited by 4
- 2025Evaluation Under Imperfect Benchmarks and Ratings: A Case Study in Text Simplificationcited by 4
- 2022Unsupervised Simplification of Legal Textscited by 3
- 2023Context-Aware Document Simplificationcited by 3
- 2024Survey of Natural Language Processing for Education: Taxonomy, Systematic Review, and Future Trendscited by 3
- 2024REFeREE: A REference-FREE Model-Based Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 3
- 2024SiTSE: Sinhala Text Simplification Dataset and Evaluationcited by 3
- 2025Aligning Sentence Simplification with ESL Learner's Proficiency for Language Acquisitioncited by 3
- 2022Cognitive Simplification Operations Improve Text Simplificationcited by 2
- 2022SimpleBERT: A Pre-trained Model That Learns to Generate Simple Wordscited by 1
- 2022Text Simplification of College Admissions Instructions: A Professionally Simplified and Verified Corpuscited by 1
- 2022Text Editing as Imitation Gamecited by 1
- 2023BoschAI @ PLABA 2023: Leveraging Edit Operations in End-to-End Neural Sentence Simplificationcited by 1
50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026Teaching LLMs Human-Like Editing of Inappropriate Argumentation via Reinforcement Learning14 Apr 2026
- 2026Let's Simplify Step by Step: Guiding LLM Towards Multilingual Unsupervised Proficiency-Controlled Sentence Simplification7 Feb 2026
- 2025Text Simplification with Sentence Embeddings28 Oct 2025
- 2025JEBS: A Fine-grained Biomedical Lexical Simplification Task15 Jun 2025
- 2025Evaluation Under Imperfect Benchmarks and Ratings: A Case Study in Text Simplification13 Apr 2025
- 2025Aligning Sentence Simplification with ESL Learner's Proficiency for Language Acquisition17 Feb 2025
- 2024SiTSE: Sinhala Text Simplification Dataset and Evaluation2 Dec 2024
- 2024Edit-Constrained Decoding for Sentence Simplification28 Sep 2024
- 2024Readability-guided Idiom-aware Sentence Simplification (RISS) for Chinese5 Jun 2024
- 2024REFeREE: A REference-FREE Model-Based Metric for Text Simplification26 Mar 2024
- 2024Survey of Natural Language Processing for Education: Taxonomy, Systematic Review, and Future Trends15 Jan 2024
- 2023BoschAI @ PLABA 2023: Leveraging Edit Operations in End-to-End Neural Sentence Simplification3 Nov 2023
38 more
- 2023Non-autoregressive Text Editing with Copy-aware Latent Alignments11 Oct 2023
- 2023Can Knowledge Graphs Simplify Text?14 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning to Paraphrase Sentences to Different Complexity Levels4 Aug 2023
- 2023Toward Interactive Dictation8 Jul 2023
- 2023A New Dataset and Empirical Study for Sentence Simplification in Chinese7 Jun 2023
- 2023MCTS: A Multi-Reference Chinese Text Simplification Dataset5 Jun 2023
- 2023Dancing Between Success and Failure: Edit-level Simplification Evaluation using SALSA23 May 2023
- 2023Teaching the Pre-trained Model to Generate Simple Texts for Text Simplification21 May 2023
- 2023Elaborative Simplification as Implicit Questions Under Discussion17 May 2023
- 2023Context-Aware Document Simplification10 May 2023
- 2023Sentence Simplification via Large Language Models23 Feb 2023
- 2023Prompt-Based Editing for Text Style Transfer27 Jan 2023
- 2023Sequentially Controlled Text Generation5 Jan 2023
- 2022Automatic Text Simplification of News Articles in the Context of Public Broadcasting26 Dec 2022
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplification19 Dec 2022
- 2022Improving Iterative Text Revision by Learning Where to Edit from Other Revision Tasks2 Dec 2022
- 2022SEAT: Stable and Explainable Attention23 Nov 2022
- 2022Cognitive Simplification Operations Improve Text Simplification16 Nov 2022
- 2022Noisy Channel for Automatic Text Simplification6 Nov 2022
- 2022Text Editing as Imitation Game21 Oct 2022
- 2022Text Simplification of College Admissions Instructions: A Professionally Simplified and Verified Corpus9 Sep 2022
- 2022Unsupervised Simplification of Legal Texts1 Sep 2022
- 2022Explicit Image Caption Editing20 Jul 2022
- 2022Text Generation with Text-Editing Models14 Jun 2022
- 2022EdiT5: Semi-Autoregressive Text-Editing with T5 Warm-Start24 May 2022
- 2022On the Ethical Considerations of Text Simplification20 Apr 2022
- 2022SimpleBERT: A Pre-trained Model That Learns to Generate Simple Words16 Apr 2022
- 2022Evaluating Factuality in Text Simplification15 Apr 2022
- 2022Text Revision by On-the-Fly Representation Optimization15 Apr 2022
- 2022Improving Zero-Shot Event Extraction via Sentence Simplification6 Apr 2022
- 2022An Empirical Study on Learning and Improving the Search Objective for Unsupervised Paraphrasing23 Mar 2022
- 2022GRS: Combining Generation and Revision in Unsupervised Sentence Simplification18 Mar 2022
- 2022An Imitation Learning Curriculum for Text Editing with Non-Autoregressive Models17 Mar 2022
- 2022Understanding Iterative Revision from Human-Written Text8 Mar 2022
- 2021Transcribing Natural Languages for The Deaf via Neural Editing Programs17 Dec 2021
- 2021Search and Learn: Improving Semantic Coverage for Data-to-Text Generation6 Dec 2021
- 2021Interpreting Deep Learning Models in Natural Language Processing: A Review20 Oct 2021
- 2021Idiomatic Expression Identification using Semantic Compatibility19 Oct 2021
50 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2022Understanding Iterative Revision from Human-Written Textcited by 56
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
- 2021Paragraph-level Simplification of Medical Textscited by 52
- 2021Keep it Simple: Unsupervised Simplification of Multi-Paragraph Textcited by 45
- 2022EdiT5: Semi-Autoregressive Text-Editing with T5 Warm-Startcited by 35
- 2022Evaluating Factuality in Text Simplificationcited by 34
- 2021Focus Attention: Promoting Faithfulness and Diversity in Summarizationcited by 30
- 2021Text Simplification by Taggingcited by 27
- 2021Document-Level Text Simplification: Dataset, Criteria and Baselinecited by 27
- 2022SEAT: Stable and Explainable Attentioncited by 25
- 2022Text Generation with Text-Editing Modelscited by 21
- 2022An Imitation Learning Curriculum for Text Editing with Non-Autoregressive Modelscited by 20
12 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
- 2026Teaching LLMs Human-Like Editing of Inappropriate Argumentation via Reinforcement Learning14 Apr 2026
- 2026Let's Simplify Step by Step: Guiding LLM Towards Multilingual Unsupervised Proficiency-Controlled Sentence Simplification7 Feb 2026
- 2025Text Simplification with Sentence Embeddings28 Oct 2025
- 2025JEBS: A Fine-grained Biomedical Lexical Simplification Task15 Jun 2025
- 2025Evaluation Under Imperfect Benchmarks and Ratings: A Case Study in Text Simplification13 Apr 2025
- 2025Aligning Sentence Simplification with ESL Learner's Proficiency for Language Acquisition17 Feb 2025
- 2024SiTSE: Sinhala Text Simplification Dataset and Evaluation2 Dec 2024
- 2024Edit-Constrained Decoding for Sentence Simplification28 Sep 2024
- 2024Readability-guided Idiom-aware Sentence Simplification (RISS) for Chinese5 Jun 2024
- 2024REFeREE: A REference-FREE Model-Based Metric for Text Simplification26 Mar 2024
- 2024Survey of Natural Language Processing for Education: Taxonomy, Systematic Review, and Future Trends15 Jan 2024
- 2023BoschAI @ PLABA 2023: Leveraging Edit Operations in End-to-End Neural Sentence Simplification3 Nov 2023
12 newest of 62 All 62 (JSON)