mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CopyRNeRF: Protecting the CopyRight of Neural Radiance Fields

arXiv 2307.11526 ↗First posted 21 Jul 2023cs.CVcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have the potential to be a major representation of media. Since training a NeRF has never been an easy task, the protection of its model copyright should be a priority. In this paper, by analyzing the pros and cons of possible copyright protection solutions, we propose to protect the copyright of NeRF models by replacing the original color representation in NeRF with a watermarked color representation. Then, a distortion-resistant rendering scheme is designed to guarantee robust message extraction in 2D renderings of NeRF. Our proposed method can directly protect the copyright of NeRF models while maintaining high rendering quality and bit accuracy when compared among optional solutions.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2023.

Builds on

28 of 51 references.

References · 28

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
  3. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,682
  4. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,037
  5. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  6. 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,574
  7. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,204
  8. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  9. 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
  10. 2020Convolutional Occupancy Networkscited by 760
  11. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
  12. 2020pi-GAN: Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 708
16 more
  1. 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
  2. 2020GRAF: Generative Radiance Fields for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 688
  3. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  4. 2018HiDDeN: Hiding Data With Deep Networkscited by 384
  5. 2019StegaStamp: Invisible Hyperlinks in Physical Photographscited by 256
  6. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  7. 2020AutoInt: Automatic Integration for Fast Neural Volume Renderingcited by 204
  8. 2019DIST: Rendering Deep Implicit Signed Distance Function with Differentiable Sphere Tracingcited by 179
  9. 2019Robust Invisible Video Watermarking with Attentioncited by 144
  10. 2022StylizedNeRF: Consistent 3D Scene Stylization as Stylized NeRF via 2D-3D Mutual Learningcited by 140
  11. 2022NeRF-Art: Text-Driven Neural Radiance Fields Stylizationcited by 126
  12. 20213D-aware Image Synthesis via Learning Structural and Textural Representationscited by 109
  13. 2021MBRS : Enhancing Robustness of DNN-based Watermarking by Mini-Batch of Real and Simulated JPEG Compressioncited by 108
  14. 2021Stylizing 3D Scene via Implicit Representation and HyperNetworkcited by 103
  15. 2018ReDMark: Framework for Residual Diffusion Watermarking on Deep Networkscited by 55
  16. 2021Deep 3D-to-2D Watermarking: Embedding Messages in 3D Meshes and Extracting Them from 2D Renderingscited by 23

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 14; 2026: 7.

33 papers.

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  1. 2024GS-Hider: Hiding Messages into 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
  2. 2024WateRF: Robust Watermarks in Radiance Fields for Protection of Copyrightscited by 25
  3. 2024GaussianMarker: Uncertainty-Aware Copyright Protection of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
  4. 2024Protecting NeRFs' Copyright via Plug-And-Play Watermarking Base Modelcited by 18
  5. 2024GuardSplat: Efficient and Robust Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 18
  6. 20243D-GSW: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Watermarkingcited by 17
  7. 2024Geometry Cloak: Preventing TGS-based 3D Reconstruction from Copyrighted Imagescited by 15
  8. 2025All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Key-Secured 3D Secrets within 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  9. 2025SecureGS: Boosting the Security and Fidelity of 3D Gaussian Splatting Steganographycited by 14
  10. 2024Neural Radiance Field-based Visual Rendering: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 12
  11. 2025The NeRF Signature: Codebook-Aided Watermarking for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
  12. 2024GeometrySticker: Enabling Ownership Claim of Recolorized Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 6
21 more
  1. 2025GS-Marker: Generalizable and Robust Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
  2. 2025StealthAttack: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting Poisoning via Density-Guided Illusionscited by 6
  3. 2025Nonparametric Teaching for Graph Property Learnerscited by 5
  4. 2024Noise-NeRF: Hide Information in Neural Radiance Fields using Trainable Noisecited by 4
  5. 2025GaussianSeal: Rooting Adaptive Watermarks for 3D Gaussian Generation Modelcited by 4
  6. 2025ImageSentinel: Protecting Visual Datasets from Unauthorized Retrieval-Augmented Image Generationcited by 4
  7. 2025FontGuard: A Robust Font Watermarking Approach Leveraging Deep Font Knowledgecited by 3
  8. 2025CompMarkGS: Robust Watermarking for Compressed 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  9. 2025NTK-Guided Implicit Neural Teachingcited by 2
  10. 2026Intellectual Property Protection for 3D Gaussian Splatting Assets: A Surveycited by 2
  11. 2025X-SG2S: Safe and Generalizable Gaussian Splatting with X-dimensional Watermarkscited by 1
  12. 2026GaussTrace: Provenance Analysis of 3D Gaussian Splatting Models with Evidence-based LLM Reasoningcited by 1
  13. 2024NeR-VCP: A Video Content Protection Method Based on Implicit Neural Representationcited by 0
  14. 2024StegaINR4MIH: steganography by implicit neural representation for multi-image hidingcited by 0
  15. 2025MultiNeRF: Multiple Watermark Embedding for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 0
  16. 2025AegisRF: Adversarial Perturbations Guided with Sensitivity for Protecting Intellectual Property of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 0
  17. 2026GuardMarkGS: Unified Ownership Tracing and Edit Deterrence for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  18. 20264D-GSW: Kinematic-Aware Spatio-Temporal Consistent Watermarking for 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  19. 2026IBRSteG: Learning a Generalizable Steganography Framework for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  20. 2026NGS-Marker: Robust Native Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  21. 2026Generating Multi-view Adversarial Examples for Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 0