mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Robust Invisible Video Watermarking with Attention

arXiv 1909.01285 ↗First posted 3 Sep 2019cs.MM cs.CVcited by 144

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Cited by 75 in LLM safety and security, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

The goal of video watermarking is to embed a message within a video file in a way such that it minimally impacts the viewing experience but can be recovered even if the video is redistributed and modified, allowing media producers to assert ownership over their content. This paper presents RivaGAN, a novel architecture for robust video watermarking which features a custom attention-based mechanism for embedding arbitrary data as well as two independent adversarial networks which critique the video quality and optimize for robustness. Using this technique, we are able to achieve state-of-the-art results in deep learning-based video watermarking and produce watermarked videos which have minimal visual distortion and are robust against common video processing operations.

Key facts. Cited by 144 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 0; 2023: 17; 2024: 37; 2025: 45; 2026: 43.

144 papers.

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  1. 2023Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robustcited by 179
  2. 2024Gaussian Shading: Provable Performance-Lossless Image Watermarking for Diffusion Modelscited by 131
  3. 2023Invisible Image Watermarks Are Provably Removable Using Generative AIcited by 124
  4. 2024Robust Watermarking Using Generative Priors Against Image Editing: From Benchmarking to Advancescited by 105
  5. 2024WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarkscited by 89
  6. 2024RingID: Rethinking Tree-Ring Watermarking for Enhanced Multi-Key Identificationcited by 87
  7. 2023Robustness of AI-Image Detectors: Fundamental Limits and Practical Attackscited by 75
  8. 2024An Undetectable Watermark for Generative Image Modelscited by 74
  9. 2023The Gradient of Generative AI Release: Methods and Considerationscited by 63
  10. 2024R.A.C.E.: Robust Adversarial Concept Erasure for Secure Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelcited by 56
  11. 2023RoSteALS: Robust Steganography using Autoencoder Latent Spacecited by 54
  12. 2023WOUAF: Weight Modulation for User Attribution and Fingerprinting in Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 51
38 more
  1. 2023Leveraging Optimization for Adaptive Attacks on Image Watermarkscited by 50
  2. 2023TrustMark: Universal Watermarking for Arbitrary Resolution Imagescited by 50
  3. 2024Watermark Anything with Localized Messagescited by 49
  4. 2024Black-Box Forgery Attacks on Semantic Watermarks for Diffusion Modelscited by 48
  5. 2024ROBIN: Robust and Invisible Watermarks for Diffusion Models with Adversarial Optimizationcited by 45
  6. 2024Video Seal: Open and Efficient Video Watermarkingcited by 45
  7. 2024Image Watermarks are Removable Using Controllable Regeneration from Clean Noisecited by 43
  8. 2024SoK: Watermarking for AI-Generated Contentcited by 43
  9. 2024AquaLoRA: Toward White-box Protection for Customized Stable Diffusion Models via Watermark LoRAcited by 42
  10. 2023CopyRNeRF: Protecting the CopyRight of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 33
  11. 2024Attack-Resilient Image Watermarking Using Stable Diffusioncited by 33
  12. 2025VideoShield: Regulating Diffusion-based Video Generation Models via Watermarkingcited by 32
  13. 2024WMAdapter: Adding WaterMark Control to Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 29
  14. 2024LaWa: Using Latent Space for In-Generation Image Watermarkingcited by 27
  15. 2024SleeperMark: Towards Robust Watermark against Fine-Tuning Text-to-image Diffusion Modelscited by 26
  16. 2025SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scalecited by 26
  17. 2021Data Hiding with Deep Learning: A Survey Unifying Digital Watermarking and Steganographycited by 23
  18. 2024DiffuseTrace: A Transparent and Flexible Watermarking Scheme for Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 21
  19. 2024InvisMark: Invisible and Robust Watermarking for AI-generated Image Provenancecited by 21
  20. 2023Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography via Invertible Neural Networkcited by 20
  21. 2024GaussianMarker: Uncertainty-Aware Copyright Protection of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
  22. 2024Latent Watermark: Inject and Detect Watermarks in Latent Diffusion Spacecited by 19
  23. 2024Hidden in the Noise: Two-Stage Robust Watermarking for Imagescited by 18
  24. 2025VideoMark: A Distortion-Free Robust Watermarking Framework for Video Diffusion Modelscited by 16
  25. 2025Semantic Watermarking Reinvented: Enhancing Robustness and Generation Quality with Fourier Integritycited by 14
  26. 2025Pixel Seal: Adversarial-only training for invisible image and video watermarkingcited by 14
  27. 2025Gaussian Shading++: Rethinking the Realistic Deployment Challenge of Performance-Lossless Image Watermark for Diffusion Modelscited by 12
  28. 2025Forging and Removing Latent-Noise Diffusion Watermarks Using a Single Imagecited by 12
  29. 2024Steganalysis on Digital Watermarking: Is Your Defense Truly Impervious?cited by 10
  30. 2025MarkSplatter: Generalizable Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splatting Model via Splatter Image Structurecited by 10
  31. 2021A Brief Survey on Deep Learning Based Data Hidingcited by 9
  32. 2023Steal My Artworks for Fine-tuning? A Watermarking Framework for Detecting Art Theft Mimicry in Text-to-Image Modelscited by 8
  33. 2024SWIFT: Semantic Watermarking for Image Forgery Thwartingcited by 8
  34. 2023Warfare:Breaking the Watermark Protection of AI-Generated Contentcited by 7
  35. 2024RAW: A Robust and Agile Plug-and-Play Watermark Framework for AI-Generated Images with Provable Guaranteescited by 7
  36. 2024FreqMark: Invisible Image Watermarking via Frequency Based Optimization in Latent Spacecited by 7
  37. 2025TAG-WM: Tamper-Aware Generative Image Watermarking via Diffusion Inversion Sensitivitycited by 7
  38. 2025T2SMark: Balancing Robustness and Diversity in Noise-as-Watermark for Diffusion Modelscited by 7

50 most cited of 144 All 144 (JSON)