mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data for the Development of Face Morphing Attack Detectors

arXiv 2203.06691 ↗First posted 13 Mar 2022cs.CVcited by 47

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Abstract (arXiv)

The main question this work aims at answering is: "can morphing attack detection (MAD) solutions be successfully developed based on synthetic data?". Towards that, this work introduces the first synthetic-based MAD development dataset, namely the Synthetic Morphing Attack Detection Development dataset (SMDD). This dataset is utilized successfully to train three MAD backbones where it proved to lead to high MAD performance, even on completely unknown attack types. Additionally, an essential aspect of this work is the detailed legal analyses of the challenges of using and sharing real biometric data, rendering our proposed SMDD dataset extremely essential. The SMDD dataset, consisting of 30,000 attack and 50,000 bona fide samples, is publicly available for research purposes.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2022.

Builds on

21 of 71 references.

References · 21

  1. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  2. 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,451
  3. 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
  4. 2020Training Generative Adversarial Networks with Limited Datacited by 1,184
  5. 2017VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and agecited by 911
  6. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
  7. 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 621
  8. 2014Learning Face Representation from Scratchcited by 451
  9. 2020CelebA-Spoof: Large-Scale Face Anti-Spoofing Dataset with Rich Annotationscited by 109
  10. 2020Synthetic Data -- Anonymisation Groundhog Daycited by 105
  11. 2019Deep Pixel-wise Binary Supervision for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 76
  12. 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 68
9 more
  1. 2020Deep Face Representations for Differential Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 46
  2. 2020Can GAN Generated Morphs Threaten Face Recognition Systems Equally as Landmark Based Morphs? -- Vulnerability and Detectioncited by 46
  3. 2020Vulnerability Analysis of Face Morphing Attacks from Landmarks and Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 36
  4. 2021MixFaceNets: Extremely Efficient Face Recognition Networkscited by 36
  5. 2021PW-MAD: Pixel-wise Supervision for Generalized Face Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 29
  6. 2019Face morphing detection in the presence of printing/scanning and heterogeneous image sourcescited by 22
  7. 2021ReGenMorph: Visibly Realistic GAN Generated Face Morphing Attacks by Attack Re-generationcited by 21
  8. 2019Detection of Face Recognition Adversarial Attackscited by 15
  9. 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 12; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

47 papers.

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  1. 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
  2. 2022SFace: Privacy-friendly and Accurate Face Recognition using Synthetic Datacited by 63
  3. 2023MorDIFF: Recognition Vulnerability and Attack Detectability of Face Morphing Attacks Created by Diffusion Autoencoderscited by 44
  4. 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
  5. 2022SYN-MAD 2022: Competition on Face Morphing Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 30
  6. 2022Unsupervised Face Recognition using Unlabeled Synthetic Datacited by 27
  7. 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 27
  8. 2023ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generationcited by 22
  9. 2022QuantFace: Towards Lightweight Face Recognition by Synthetic Data Low-bit Quantizationcited by 18
  10. 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Datacited by 17
  11. 2022Unsupervised Face Morphing Attack Detection via Self-paced Anomaly Detectioncited by 16
  12. 2025MADation: Face Morphing Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 14
35 more
  1. 2025Benchmarking Foundation Models for Zero-Shot Biometric Taskscited by 13
  2. 2023Face Morphing Attack Detection with Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 12
  3. 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
  4. 2022OrthoMAD: Morphing Attack Detection Through Orthogonal Identity Disentanglementcited by 10
  5. 2024ONOT: a High-Quality ICAO-compliant Synthetic Mugshot Datasetcited by 10
  6. 2023Unveiling the Two-Faced Truth: Disentangling Morphed Identities for Face Morphing Detectioncited by 9
  7. 2022Face Morphing Attacks and Face Image Quality: The Effect of Morphing and the Unsupervised Attack Detection by Qualitycited by 8
  8. 2024Facial Demorphing via Identity Preserving Image Decompositioncited by 8
  9. 2022Face Morphing Attack Detection Using Privacy-Aware Training Datacited by 7
  10. 2022Robust Ensemble Morph Detection with Domain Generalizationcited by 7
  11. 2025SelfMAD: Enhancing Generalization and Robustness in Morphing Attack Detection via Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
  12. 2022Deep Composite Face Image Attacks: Generation, Vulnerability and Detectioncited by 6
  13. 2024IDNet: A Novel Dataset for Identity Document Analysis and Fraud Detectioncited by 6
  14. 2024dc-GAN: Dual-Conditioned GAN for Face Demorphing From a Single Morphcited by 6
  15. 2023SynFacePAD 2023: Competition on Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 5
  16. 2023MorphGANFormer: Transformer-based Face Morphing and De-Morphingcited by 4
  17. 2022A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Eracited by 3
  18. 2024SynMorph: Generating Synthetic Face Morphing Dataset with Mated Samplescited by 3
  19. 2024Generating Automatically Print/Scan Textures for Morphing Attack Detection Applicationscited by 2
  20. 2024Evaluating the Effectiveness of Attack-Agnostic Features for Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 2
  21. 2025Metric for Evaluating Performance of Reference-Free Demorphing Methodscited by 2
  22. 2026FD-MAD: Frequency-Domain Residual Analysis for Face Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 2
  23. 2022Fusion-based Few-Shot Morphing Attack Detection and Fingerprintingcited by 1
  24. 2024Optimal-Landmark-Guided Image Blending for Face Morphing Attackscited by 1
  25. 2024Impact of Synthetic Images on Morphing Attack Detection Using a Siamese Networkcited by 1
  26. 2025diffDemorph: Extending Reference-Free Demorphing to Unseen Facescited by 1
  27. 2026DCMorph: Face Morphing via Dual-Stream Cross-Attention Diffusioncited by 1
  28. 2023Towards Generalizable Morph Attack Detection with Consistency Regularizationcited by 0
  29. 2025In-context Learning of Vision Language Models for Detection of Physical and Digital Attacks against Face Recognition Systemscited by 0
  30. 2025Trade-offs in Cross-Domain Generalization of Foundation Model Fine-Tuned for Biometric Applicationscited by 0
  31. 2025Exploration of Incremental Synthetic Non-Morphed Images for Single Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 0
  32. 2026SRL-MAD: Structured Residual Latents for One-Class Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 0
  33. 2026On the Impact of Face Segmentation-Based Background Removal on Recognition and Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 0
  34. 2026Enhancing Single-Image Facial Demorphing using Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
  35. 2026XSA-MAD: Cross-modal Semantic Alignment for Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 0