mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Diffusion Policies for Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Offline Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2307.04726 ↗First posted 10 Jul 2023cs.LG cs.AI cs.NEcited by 40

On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion and flow policies for robotics

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods leverage previous experiences to learn better policies than the behavior policy used for data collection. However, they face challenges handling distribution shifts due to the lack of online interaction during training. To this end, we propose a novel method named State Reconstruction for Diffusion Policies (SRDP) that incorporates state reconstruction feature learning in the recent class of diffusion policies to address the problem of out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization. Our method promotes learning of generalizable state representation to alleviate the distribution shift caused by OOD states. To illustrate the OOD generalization and faster convergence of SRDP, we design a novel 2D Multimodal Contextual Bandit environment and realize it on a 6-DoF real-world UR10 robot, as well as in simulation, and compare its performance with prior algorithms. In particular, we show the importance of the proposed state reconstruction via ablation studies. In addition, we assess the performance of our model on standard continuous control benchmarks (D4RL), namely the navigation of an 8-DoF ant and forward locomotion of half-cheetah, hopper, and walker2d, achieving state-of-the-art results. Finally, we demonstrate that our method can achieve 167% improvement over the competing baseline on a sparse continuous control navigation task where various regions of the state space are removed from the offline RL dataset, including the region encapsulating the goal.

Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion and flow policies for robotics, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 38 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jul 2023.

Builds on

38 of 56 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusion7 Mar
  2. 2022Diffusion Policies as an Expressive Policy Class for Offline Reinforcement Learning12 Aug

Other references · 36

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  3. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  4. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  5. 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,635
  6. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
  7. 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,279
  8. 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,873
  9. 2020Conservative Q-Learning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,777
  10. 2015Deep Reinforcement Learning with Double Q-learningcited by 1,704
  11. 2016OpenAI Gymcited by 1,684
  12. 2021Decision Transformer: Reinforcement Learning via Sequence Modelingcited by 1,528
24 more
  1. 2023Learning Fine-Grained Bimanual Manipulation with Low-Cost Hardwarecited by 1,490
  2. 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,406
  3. 2018Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Reviewcited by 1,313
  4. 2021Offline Reinforcement Learning with Implicit Q-Learningcited by 1,245
  5. 2018Off-Policy Deep Reinforcement Learning without Explorationcited by 1,227
  6. 2022Diffusion Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods and Applicationscited by 1,107
  7. 2022Planning with Diffusion for Flexible Behavior Synthesiscited by 1,023
  8. 2021A Minimalist Approach to Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 882
  9. 2019Stabilizing Off-Policy Q-Learning via Bootstrapping Error Reductioncited by 833
  10. 2019Behavior Regularized Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 654
  11. 2020AWAC: Accelerating Online Reinforcement Learning with Offline Datasetscited by 647
  12. 2020MOPO: Model-based Offline Policy Optimizationcited by 630
  13. 2021Implicit Behavioral Cloningcited by 442
  14. 2021COMBO: Conservative Offline Model-Based Policy Optimizationcited by 365
  15. 2021Offline RL Without Off-Policy Evaluationcited by 150
  16. 2018Improving Reconstruction Autoencoder Out-of-distribution Detection with Mahalanobis Distancecited by 74
  17. 2020GradientDICE: Rethinking Generalized Offline Estimation of Stationary Valuescited by 70
  18. 2023Dif-Fusion: Towards High Color Fidelity in Infrared and Visible Image Fusion with Diffusion Modelscited by 56
  19. 2022Lifelong Reinforcement Learning with Modulating Maskscited by 20
  20. 2021Dealing with the Unknown: Pessimistic Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
  21. 2023Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Generation of Realistic Fully-Annotated Microscopy Image Data Setscited by 13
  22. 2022Schr"odinger's Bat: Diffusion Models Sometimes Generate Polysemous Words in Superpositioncited by 8
  23. 2019Generalization in Transfer Learningcited by 6
  24. 2023Rethinking Real-world Image Deraining via An Unpaired Degradation-Conditioned Diffusion Modelcited by 6

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 10; 2025: 18; 2026: 10.

40 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025Flow Q-Learningcited by 162
  2. 2025Steering Your Diffusion Policy with Latent Space Reinforcement Learningcited by 149
  3. 2024Diffusion-based Reinforcement Learning via Q-weighted Variational Policy Optimizationcited by 99
  4. 2023Diffusion Models for Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 84
  5. 2025Diffusion Guidance Is a Controllable Policy Improvement Operatorcited by 51
  6. 2025Diffusion Models for Robotic Manipulation: A Surveycited by 39
  7. 2024Diffusion Meets DAgger: Supercharging Eye-in-hand Imitation Learningcited by 34
  8. 2026Q-learning with Adjoint Matchingcited by 33
  9. 2024Diff-DAgger: Uncertainty Estimation with Diffusion Policy for Robotic Manipulationcited by 29
  10. 2025Scaling Offline RL via Efficient and Expressive Shortcut Modelscited by 27
  11. 2024Deep Generative Models for Offline Policy Learning: Tutorial, Survey, and Perspectives on Future Directionscited by 20
  12. 2025GenPO: Generative Diffusion Models Meet On-Policy Reinforcement Learningcited by 16
28 more
  1. 2026Flow Policy Gradients for Robot Controlcited by 14
  2. 2025Prior-Guided Diffusion Planning for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
  3. 2025Enhanced DACER Algorithm with High Diffusion Efficiencycited by 13
  4. 2023Efficient Planning with Latent Diffusioncited by 11
  5. 2024DISCO: Language-Guided Manipulation with Diffusion Policies and Constrained Inpaintingcited by 8
  6. 2025Unleashing Flow Policies with Distributional Criticscited by 7
  7. 2024Solving Continual Offline RL through Selective Weights Activation on Aligned Spacescited by 6
  8. 2025CHD: Coupled Hierarchical Diffusion for Long-Horizon Taskscited by 6
  9. 2026Training-Free Adaptation of Diffusion Models via Doob's h-Transformcited by 6
  10. 2025DETACH: Cross-domain Learning for Long-Horizon Tasks via Mixture of Disentangled Expertscited by 5
  11. 2024Preferred-Action-Optimized Diffusion Policies for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  12. 2025Adaptive Diffusion Policy Optimization for Robotic Manipulationcited by 3
  13. 2025Diffusion Bridge or Flow Matching? A Unifying Framework and Comparative Analysiscited by 3
  14. 2026Dreaming the Unseen: World Model-regularized Diffusion Policy for Out-of-Distribution Robustnesscited by 2
  15. 2026Reversal Q-Learningcited by 2
  16. 2024Contrastive Diffuser: Planning Towards High Return States via Contrastive Learningcited by 1
  17. 2024Diffusion-based Episodes Augmentation for Offline Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  18. 2025A Unified and Fast-Sampling Diffusion Bridge Framework via Stochastic Optimal Controlcited by 1
  19. 2025Iterative Refinement of Flow Policies in Probability Space for Online Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  20. 2026Contractive Diffusion Policies: Robust Action Diffusion via Contractive Score-Based Sampling with Differential Equationscited by 1
  21. 2026Improving Diffusion Planners by Self-Supervised Action Gating with Energiescited by 1
  22. 2026Entropy-Regularized Adjoint Matching for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  23. 2026Noisy-Space Policy Gradient for Diffusion Policies in Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  24. 2024Are Expressive Models Truly Necessary for Offline RL?cited by 0
  25. 2025Decision Flow Policy Optimizationcited by 0
  26. 2025DiffFP: Learning Behaviors from Scratch via Diffusion-based Fictitious Playcited by 0
  27. 2025Forecasting in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Non-stationary Environmentscited by 0
  28. 2026ISEP: Implicit Support Expansion for Offline Reinforcement Learning via Stochastic Policy Optimizationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Efficient Diffusion Policies for Offline Reinforcement Learning
  2. 2023Score Regularized Policy Optimization through Diffusion Behavior
  3. 2024Learning from Random Demonstrations: Offline Reinforcement Learning with Importance-Sampled Diffusion Models
  4. 2025Behavior-Regularized Diffusion Policy Optimization for Offline Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2026Generative OOD-regularized Model-based Policy Optimization
  6. 2026Cross-Embodiment Offline Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Robot Datasets
  7. 2022Regularizing a Model-based Policy Stationary Distribution to Stabilize Offline Reinforcement Learning
  8. 2026Beyond Penalization: Diffusion-based Out-of-Distribution Detection and Selective Regularization in Offline Reinforcement Learning