Deep Contract Design via Discontinuous Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Contract design involves a principal who establishes contractual agreements about payments for outcomes that arise from the actions of an agent. In this paper, we initiate the study of deep learning for the automated design of optimal contracts. We introduce a novel representation: the Discontinuous ReLU (DeLU) network, which models the principal's utility as a discontinuous piecewise affine function of the design of a contract where each piece corresponds to the agent taking a particular action. DeLU networks implicitly learn closed-form expressions for the incentive compatibility constraints of the agent and the utility maximization objective of the principal, and support parallel inference on each piece through linear programming or interior-point methods that solve for optimal contracts. We provide empirical results that demonstrate success in approximating the principal's utility function with a small number of training samples and scaling to find approximately optimal contracts on problems with a large number of actions and outcomes.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jul 2023.
Builds on
27 of 54 references.
References · 27
- 2015Empirical Evaluation of Rectified Activations in Convolutional Networkcited by 519
- 2016Understanding Deep Neural Networks with Rectified Linear Unitscited by 257
- 2018How Do Classifiers Induce Agents To Invest Effort Strategically?cited by 83
- 2018Incomplete Contracting and AI Alignmentcited by 62
- 2018Provable Robustness of ReLU networks via Maximization of Linear Regionscited by 51
- 2014Adaptive Contract Design for Crowdsourcing Markets: Bandit Algorithms for Repeated Principal-Agent Problemscited by 46
- 2017Optimal Auctions through Deep Learning: Advances in Differentiable Economicscited by 38
- 2022The Sample Complexity of Online Contract Designcited by 35
- 2018Simple versus Optimal Contractscited by 33
- 2018Exact and Consistent Interpretation for Piecewise Linear Neural Networks: A Closed Form Solutioncited by 32
- 2015Algorithmic Bayesian Persuasioncited by 21
- 2020Contracts under Moral Hazard and Adverse Selectioncited by 21
15 more
- 2018The Sample Complexity of Up-to-varepsilon Multi-Dimensional Revenue Maximizationcited by 17
- 2020The Complexity of Contractscited by 16
- 2022Multi-Agent Contractscited by 14
- 2018Learning Approximately Optimal Contractscited by 12
- 2021Bayesian Agency: Linear versus Tractable Contractscited by 12
- 2021Combinatorial Contractscited by 12
- 2022Designing Menus of Contracts Efficiently: The Power of Randomizationcited by 10
- 2014A Simple and Approximately Optimal Mechanism for an Additive Buyercited by 9
- 2018A Duality-Based Unified Approach to Bayesian Mechanism Designcited by 9
- 2018A randomized gradient-free attack on ReLU networkscited by 8
- 2021Birds of a Feather Flock Together: A Close Look at Cooperation Emergence via Multi-Agent RLcited by 7
- 2022Approximate Optimality of Linear Contracts Under Uncertaintycited by 7
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- 2022Solving Dynamic Principal-Agent Problems with a Rationally Inattentive Principalcited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
11 papers.
- 2024GemNet: Menu-Based, Strategy-Proof Multi-Bidder Auctions Through Deep Learningcited by 14
- 2024Principal-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Orchestrating AI Agents with Contractscited by 9
- 2024The Bandit Whisperer: Communication Learning for Restless Banditscited by 5
- 2024Social Environment Designcited by 2
- 2025Learning to Negotiate via Voluntary Commitmentcited by 2
- 2026Reward Shaping for (Inference-Time) Alignment: A Stackelberg Game Perspectivecited by 2
- 2025Learning Truthful Mechanisms without Discretizationcited by 1
- 2024Learning Fair and Preferable Allocations through Neural Networkcited by 0
- 2025Learning Recommender Mechanisms for Bayesian Stochastic Gamescited by 0
- 2025Scalable Principal-Agent Contract Design via Gradient-Based Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026LLM Active Alignment: A Nash Equilibrium Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026LLM Active Alignment: A Nash Equilibrium Perspective6 Feb 2026
- 2026Reward Shaping for (Inference-Time) Alignment: A Stackelberg Game Perspective31 Jan 2026
- 2025Scalable Principal-Agent Contract Design via Gradient-Based Optimization24 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Truthful Mechanisms without Discretization28 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Recommender Mechanisms for Bayesian Stochastic Games29 May 2025
- 2025Learning to Negotiate via Voluntary Commitment5 Mar 2025
- 2024Learning Fair and Preferable Allocations through Neural Network23 Oct 2024
- 2024The Bandit Whisperer: Communication Learning for Restless Bandits11 Aug 2024
- 2024Principal-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Orchestrating AI Agents with Contracts25 Jul 2024
- 2024GemNet: Menu-Based, Strategy-Proof Multi-Bidder Auctions Through Deep Learning11 Jun 2024
- 2024Social Environment Design21 Feb 2024