RoboCook: Long-Horizon Elasto-Plastic Object Manipulation with Diverse Tools
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Abstract (arXiv)
Humans excel in complex long-horizon soft body manipulation tasks via flexible tool use: bread baking requires a knife to slice the dough and a rolling pin to flatten it. Often regarded as a hallmark of human cognition, tool use in autonomous robots remains limited due to challenges in understanding tool-object interactions. Here we develop an intelligent robotic system, RoboCook, which perceives, models, and manipulates elasto-plastic objects with various tools. RoboCook uses point cloud scene representations, models tool-object interactions with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), and combines tool classification with self-supervised policy learning to devise manipulation plans. We demonstrate that from just 20 minutes of real-world interaction data per tool, a general-purpose robot arm can learn complex long-horizon soft object manipulation tasks, such as making dumplings and alphabet letter cookies. Extensive evaluations show that RoboCook substantially outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, exhibits robustness against severe external disturbances, and demonstrates adaptability to different materials.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Jun 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 27; 2025: 25; 2026: 21.
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- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 670
- 2024ReKep: Spatio-Temporal Reasoning of Relational Keypoint Constraints for Robotic Manipulationcited by 305
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- 2024PhysFlow: Unleashing the Potential of Multi-modal Foundation Models and Video Diffusion for 4D Dynamic Physical Scene Simulationcited by 36
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- 2025PUGS: Zero-shot Physical Understanding with Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2024GarmentLab: A Unified Simulation and Benchmark for Garment Manipulationcited by 19
- 2024RoboPack: Learning Tactile-Informed Dynamics Models for Dense Packingcited by 18
- 2025Diffusion Dynamics Models with Generative State Estimation for Cloth Manipulationcited by 16
- 2025Learning Compositional Behaviors from Demonstration and Languagecited by 15
- 2024Stabilizing Reinforcement Learning in Differentiable Multiphysics Simulationcited by 14
- 2024Point Cloud Models Improve Visual Robustness in Robotic Learnerscited by 13
- 2025Manual2Skill: Learning to Read Manuals and Acquire Robotic Skills for Furniture Assembly Using Vision-Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025ManualVLA: A Unified VLA Model for Chain-of-Thought Manual Generation and Robotic Manipulationcited by 13
- 2024Modeling the Real World with High-Density Visual Particle Dynamicscited by 12
- 2024Dynamics as Prompts: In-Context Learning for Sim-to-Real System Identificationscited by 10
- 2024DoughNet: A Visual Predictive Model for Topological Manipulation of Deformable Objectscited by 9
- 2025Learning Coordinated Bimanual Manipulation Policies using State Diffusion and Inverse Dynamics Modelscited by 9
- 2025VLMgineer: Vision Language Models as Robotic Toolsmithscited by 9
- 2025PhysWorld: From Real Videos to World Models of Deformable Objects via Physics-Aware Demonstration Synthesiscited by 9
- 2026Flex-π: A Multi-Stream World-Action Model with Compute Flexibilitycited by 9
- 2023SculptBot: Pre-Trained Models for 3D Deformable Object Manipulationcited by 8
- 2024SculptDiff: Learning Robotic Clay Sculpting from Humans with Goal Conditioned Diffusion Policycited by 7
- 2024DeformPAM: Data-Efficient Learning for Long-horizon Deformable Object Manipulation via Preference-based Action Alignmentcited by 7
- 2025MASIV: Toward Material-Agnostic System Identification from Videoscited by 7
- 2024Differentiable Physics-based System Identification for Robotic Manipulation of Elastoplastic Materialscited by 6
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- 2025Improving Long-Range Interactions in Graph Neural Simulators via Hamiltonian Dynamicscited by 6
- 2026MOSIV: Multi-Object System Identification from Videoscited by 6
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- 2025Open-Source Multimodal Moxin Models with Moxin-VLM and Moxin-VLAcited by 4
- 2024D-Cubed: Latent Diffusion Trajectory Optimisation for Dexterous Deformable Manipulationcited by 3
- 2024LIT: Large Language Model Driven Intention Tracking for Proactive Human-Robot Collaboration -- A Robot Sous-Chef Applicationcited by 3
- 2024Task Success Prediction for Open-Vocabulary Manipulation Based on Multi-Level Aligned Representationscited by 3
- 2025VisionLaw: Inferring Interpretable Intrinsic Dynamics from Visual Observations via Bilevel Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025Manipulating Elasto-Plastic Objects With 3D Occupancy and Learning-Based Predictive Controlcited by 2
- 2025Mash, Spread, Slice! Learning to Manipulate Object States via Visual Spatial Progresscited by 2
- 2026Confounding Robust Continuous Control via Automatic Reward Shapingcited by 2
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026Flex-π: A Multi-Stream World-Action Model with Compute Flexibility11 Aug 2026
- 2026PhysCoRe: Physics-Corrected Residual World Models for Material-Aware Deformable Dynamics22 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning Physics-Guided Residual Dynamics for Deformable Object Simulation15 Jul 2026
- 2026Structured 4D Latent Predictive Model for Robot Planning1 Jul 2026
- 20263D Point World Models: Point Completion Enables More Accurate Dynamics Learning30 Jun 2026
- 2026GROW2: Grounding Which and Where for Robot Tool Use29 Jun 2026
- 2026Play2Perfect: What Matters in Dexterous Play Pretraining for Precise Assembly?24 Jun 2026
- 2026CoStream: Composing Simple Behaviors for Generalizable Complex Manipulation24 Jun 2026
- 2026Adaptive Volumetric Mechanical Property Fields Invariant to Resolution16 Jun 2026
- 2026Latent Space Reinforcement Learning for Inverse Material Estimation in Food Fracture Simulation15 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning a Particle Dynamics Model with Real-world Videos22 May 2026
- 2026Point Cloud Sequence Encoding for Material-conditioned Graph Network Simulators20 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Visual Sculpting: Visually-Aligned Planning Representations for Long-Horizon Robot Clay Sculpting17 May 2026
- 2026Velox: Learning Representations of 4D Geometry and Appearance6 May 2026
- 2026LeHome: A Simulation Environment for Deformable Object Manipulation in Household Scenarios24 Apr 2026
- 2026IMPASTO: Integrating Model-Based Planning with Learned Dynamics Models for Robotic Oil Painting Reproduction31 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Multi-View Spatial Reasoning from Cross-View Relations30 Mar 2026
- 2026DexKnot: Generalizable Visuomotor Policy Learning for Dexterous Bag-Knotting Manipulation7 Mar 2026
- 2026MOSIV: Multi-Object System Identification from Videos6 Mar 2026
- 2026Confounding Robust Continuous Control via Automatic Reward Shaping10 Feb 2026
- 2026CulinaryCut-VLAP: A Vision-Language-Action-Physics Framework for Food Cutting via a Force-Aware Material Point Method10 Jan 2026
- 2025Open-Source Multimodal Moxin Models with Moxin-VLM and Moxin-VLA22 Dec 2025
- 2025ManualVLA: A Unified VLA Model for Chain-of-Thought Manual Generation and Robotic Manipulation1 Dec 2025
- 2025NeuSpring: Neural Spring Fields for Reconstruction and Simulation of Deformable Objects from Videos11 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving Long-Range Interactions in Graph Neural Simulators via Hamiltonian Dynamics11 Nov 2025
- 2025Context-aware Learned Mesh-based Simulation via Trajectory-Level Meta-Learning7 Nov 2025
- 2025PhysWorld: From Real Videos to World Models of Deformable Objects via Physics-Aware Demonstration Synthesis24 Oct 2025
- 2025Confounding Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Causal Approach24 Oct 2025
- 2025Mash, Spread, Slice! Learning to Manipulate Object States via Visual Spatial Progress28 Sep 2025
- 2025TReF-6: Inferring Task-Relevant Frames from a Single Demonstration for One-Shot Skill Generalization30 Aug 2025
- 2025VisionLaw: Inferring Interpretable Intrinsic Dynamics from Visual Observations via Bilevel Optimization19 Aug 2025
- 2025MASIV: Toward Material-Agnostic System Identification from Videos1 Aug 2025
- 2025PinchBot: Long-Horizon Deformable Manipulation with Guided Diffusion Policy23 Jul 2025
- 2025VLMgineer: Vision Language Models as Robotic Toolsmiths16 Jul 2025
- 2025Particle-Grid Neural Dynamics for Learning Deformable Object Models from RGB-D Videos18 Jun 2025
- 2025RobotSmith: Generative Robotic Tool Design for Acquisition of Complex Manipulation Skills17 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Compositional Behaviors from Demonstration and Language28 May 2025
- 2025Manipulating Elasto-Plastic Objects With 3D Occupancy and Learning-Based Predictive Control22 May 2025
- 2025Learning Coordinated Bimanual Manipulation Policies using State Diffusion and Inverse Dynamics Models30 Mar 2025
- 2025Localized Graph-Based Neural Dynamics Models for Terrain Manipulation30 Mar 2025
- 2025PhysTwin: Physics-Informed Reconstruction and Simulation of Deformable Objects from Videos23 Mar 2025
- 2025Diffusion Dynamics Models with Generative State Estimation for Cloth Manipulation15 Mar 2025
- 2025BEHAVIOR Robot Suite: Streamlining Real-World Whole-Body Manipulation for Everyday Household Activities7 Mar 2025
- 2025PUGS: Zero-shot Physical Understanding with Gaussian Splatting17 Feb 2025
- 2025Manual2Skill: Learning to Read Manuals and Acquire Robotic Skills for Furniture Assembly Using Vision-Language Models14 Feb 2025
- 2025DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Control9 Feb 2025
- 2024Stabilizing Reinforcement Learning in Differentiable Multiphysics Simulation16 Dec 2024
- 2024PhysFlow: Unleashing the Potential of Multi-modal Foundation Models and Video Diffusion for 4D Dynamic Physical Scene Simulation21 Nov 2024
- 2024GarmentLab: A Unified Simulation and Benchmark for Garment Manipulation2 Nov 2024
- 2024Differentiable Physics-based System Identification for Robotic Manipulation of Elastoplastic Materials1 Nov 2024
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 670
- 20243D Diffusion Policy: Generalizable Visuomotor Policy Learning via Simple 3D Representationscited by 115
- 2024PhysFlow: Unleashing the Potential of Multi-modal Foundation Models and Video Diffusion for 4D Dynamic Physical Scene Simulationcited by 36
- 2024GenDP: 3D Semantic Fields for Category-Level Generalizable Diffusion Policycited by 25
- 2025Diffusion Dynamics Models with Generative State Estimation for Cloth Manipulationcited by 16
- 2024SculptDiff: Learning Robotic Clay Sculpting from Humans with Goal Conditioned Diffusion Policycited by 7
- 2024D-Cubed: Latent Diffusion Trajectory Optimisation for Dexterous Deformable Manipulationcited by 3
- 2025PinchBot: Long-Horizon Deformable Manipulation with Guided Diffusion Policycited by 1
- 2026DexKnot: Generalizable Visuomotor Policy Learning for Dexterous Bag-Knotting Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026DexKnot: Generalizable Visuomotor Policy Learning for Dexterous Bag-Knotting Manipulation7 Mar 2026
- 2025PinchBot: Long-Horizon Deformable Manipulation with Guided Diffusion Policy23 Jul 2025
- 2025Diffusion Dynamics Models with Generative State Estimation for Cloth Manipulation15 Mar 2025
- 2024PhysFlow: Unleashing the Potential of Multi-modal Foundation Models and Video Diffusion for 4D Dynamic Physical Scene Simulation21 Nov 2024
- 2024GenDP: 3D Semantic Fields for Category-Level Generalizable Diffusion Policy23 Oct 2024
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulation10 Oct 2024
- 2024D-Cubed: Latent Diffusion Trajectory Optimisation for Dexterous Deformable Manipulation19 Mar 2024
- 2024SculptDiff: Learning Robotic Clay Sculpting from Humans with Goal Conditioned Diffusion Policy15 Mar 2024
- 20243D Diffusion Policy: Generalizable Visuomotor Policy Learning via Simple 3D Representations6 Mar 2024
- 2024Modeling the Real World with High-Density Visual Particle Dynamicscited by 12
- 2025PhysWorld: From Real Videos to World Models of Deformable Objects via Physics-Aware Demonstration Synthesiscited by 9
- 2026Flex-π: A Multi-Stream World-Action Model with Compute Flexibilitycited by 9
- 20263D Point World Models: Point Completion Enables More Accurate Dynamics Learningcited by 1
- 2026PhysCoRe: Physics-Corrected Residual World Models for Material-Aware Deformable Dynamicscited by 1
- 2026Learning a Particle Dynamics Model with Real-world Videoscited by 0
- 2026Flex-π: A Multi-Stream World-Action Model with Compute Flexibility11 Aug 2026
- 2026PhysCoRe: Physics-Corrected Residual World Models for Material-Aware Deformable Dynamics22 Jul 2026
- 20263D Point World Models: Point Completion Enables More Accurate Dynamics Learning30 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning a Particle Dynamics Model with Real-world Videos22 May 2026
- 2025PhysWorld: From Real Videos to World Models of Deformable Objects via Physics-Aware Demonstration Synthesis24 Oct 2025
- 2024Modeling the Real World with High-Density Visual Particle Dynamics28 Jun 2024
- 2025DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Controlcited by 191
- 2024SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Modelscited by 146
- 2024ShapeLLM: Universal 3D Object Understanding for Embodied Interactioncited by 133
- 2025VLMgineer: Vision Language Models as Robotic Toolsmithscited by 9
- 2024LIT: Large Language Model Driven Intention Tracking for Proactive Human-Robot Collaboration -- A Robot Sous-Chef Applicationcited by 3
- 2025VLMgineer: Vision Language Models as Robotic Toolsmiths16 Jul 2025
- 2025DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Control9 Feb 2025
- 2024LIT: Large Language Model Driven Intention Tracking for Proactive Human-Robot Collaboration -- A Robot Sous-Chef Application19 Jun 2024
- 2024SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models19 Jun 2024
- 2024ShapeLLM: Universal 3D Object Understanding for Embodied Interaction27 Feb 2024
- 2025PhysTwin: Physics-Informed Reconstruction and Simulation of Deformable Objects from Videoscited by 78
- 2024AdaptiGraph: Material-Adaptive Graph-Based Neural Dynamics for Robotic Manipulationcited by 52
- 2024GIC: Gaussian-Informed Continuum for Physical Property Identification and Simulationcited by 48
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Tracking for Graph-Based Neural Dynamics Modelingcited by 42
- 2025BEHAVIOR Robot Suite: Streamlining Real-World Whole-Body Manipulation for Everyday Household Activitiescited by 29
- 2025Particle-Grid Neural Dynamics for Learning Deformable Object Models from RGB-D Videoscited by 22
- 2025PUGS: Zero-shot Physical Understanding with Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2024GarmentLab: A Unified Simulation and Benchmark for Garment Manipulationcited by 19
- 2024RoboPack: Learning Tactile-Informed Dynamics Models for Dense Packingcited by 18
- 2024Stabilizing Reinforcement Learning in Differentiable Multiphysics Simulationcited by 14
- 2024Point Cloud Models Improve Visual Robustness in Robotic Learnerscited by 13
- 2025Manual2Skill: Learning to Read Manuals and Acquire Robotic Skills for Furniture Assembly Using Vision-Language Modelscited by 13
12 most cited of 48 All 48 (JSON)
- 2026Learning Physics-Guided Residual Dynamics for Deformable Object Simulation15 Jul 2026
- 2026Structured 4D Latent Predictive Model for Robot Planning1 Jul 2026
- 2026Play2Perfect: What Matters in Dexterous Play Pretraining for Precise Assembly?24 Jun 2026
- 2026CoStream: Composing Simple Behaviors for Generalizable Complex Manipulation24 Jun 2026
- 2026Adaptive Volumetric Mechanical Property Fields Invariant to Resolution16 Jun 2026
- 2026Latent Space Reinforcement Learning for Inverse Material Estimation in Food Fracture Simulation15 Jun 2026
- 2026Point Cloud Sequence Encoding for Material-conditioned Graph Network Simulators20 May 2026
- 2026Visual Sculpting: Visually-Aligned Planning Representations for Long-Horizon Robot Clay Sculpting17 May 2026
- 2026Velox: Learning Representations of 4D Geometry and Appearance6 May 2026
- 2026LeHome: A Simulation Environment for Deformable Object Manipulation in Household Scenarios24 Apr 2026
- 2026IMPASTO: Integrating Model-Based Planning with Learned Dynamics Models for Robotic Oil Painting Reproduction31 Mar 2026
- 2026MOSIV: Multi-Object System Identification from Videos6 Mar 2026
12 newest of 48 All 48 (JSON)