mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Hierarchical Supervision and Shuffle Data Augmentation for 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detection

arXiv 2304.01464 ↗First posted 4 Apr 2023cs.CVcited by 24

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Abstract (arXiv)

State-of-the-art 3D object detectors are usually trained on large-scale datasets with high-quality 3D annotations. However, such 3D annotations are often expensive and time-consuming, which may not be practical for real applications. A natural remedy is to adopt semi-supervised learning (SSL) by leveraging a limited amount of labeled samples and abundant unlabeled samples. Current pseudolabeling-based SSL object detection methods mainly adopt a teacher-student framework, with a single fixed threshold strategy to generate supervision signals, which inevitably brings confused supervision when guiding the student network training. Besides, the data augmentation of the point cloud in the typical teacher-student framework is too weak, and only contains basic down sampling and flip-and-shift (i.e., rotate and scaling), which hinders the effective learning of feature information. Hence, we address these issues by introducing a novel approach of Hierarchical Supervision and Shuffle Data Augmentation (HSSDA), which is a simple yet effective teacher-student framework. The teacher network generates more reasonable supervision for the student network by designing a dynamic dual-threshold strategy. Besides, the shuffle data augmentation strategy is designed to strengthen the feature representation ability of the student network. Extensive experiments show that HSSDA consistently outperforms the recent state-of-the-art methods on different datasets. The code will be released at https://github.com/azhuantou/HSSDA.

Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2023.

Builds on

49 of 58 references.

References · 49

  1. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  2. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  3. 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,155
  4. 2016SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent with Warm Restartscited by 4,993
  5. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
  6. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
  7. 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,080
  8. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  9. 2020YOLOv4: Optimal Speed and Accuracy of Object Detectioncited by 1,624
  10. 2017Improved Regularization of Convolutional Neural Networks with Cutoutcited by 1,623
  11. 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
  12. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
37 more
  1. 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,304
  2. 2019Unsupervised Data Augmentation for Consistency Trainingcited by 1,057
  3. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
  4. 2017Virtual Adversarial Training: A Regularization Method for Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 918
  5. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
  6. 2019Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 648
  7. 2019Pseudo-Labeling and Confirmation Bias in Deep Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 507
  8. 20203DSSD: Point-based 3D Single Stage Object Detectorcited by 440
  9. 2020Voxel R-CNN: Towards High Performance Voxel-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 409
  10. 2020Point-GNN: Graph Neural Network for 3D Object Detection in a Point Cloudcited by 335
  11. 2021End-to-End Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Soft Teachercited by 315
  12. 2019Label Propagation for Deep Semi-supervised Learningcited by 287
  13. 2019STD: Sparse-to-Dense 3D Object Detector for Point Cloudcited by 282
  14. 2020A Simple Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Object Detectioncited by 282
  15. 2021Voxel Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 247
  16. 2021PV-RCNN++: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction With Local Vector Representation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 232
  17. 2022Not All Points Are Equal: Learning Highly Efficient Point-based Detectors for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 131
  18. 2021Mix3D: Out-of-Context Data Augmentation for 3D Scenescited by 126
  19. 2021SE-SSD: Self-Ensembling Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 119
  20. 2021Humble Teachers Teach Better Students for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 115
  21. 2021Instant-Teaching: An End-to-End Semi-Supervised Object Detection Frameworkcited by 112
  22. 2021Improving 3D Object Detection with Channel-wise Transformercited by 108
  23. 2020CIA-SSD: Confident IoU-Aware Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 107
  24. 2020PointMixup: Augmentation for Point Cloudscited by 104
  25. 2022Voxel Set Transformer: A Set-to-Set Approach to 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 102
  26. 2019SESS: Self-Ensembling Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 89
  27. 20203DIoUMatch: Leveraging IoU Prediction for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 89
  28. 2021Pyramid R-CNN: Towards Better Performance and Adaptability for 3D Object Detectioncited by 79
  29. 2022Point Density-Aware Voxels for LiDAR 3D Object Detectioncited by 70
  30. 2021PointCutMix: Regularization Strategy for Point Cloud Classificationcited by 69
  31. 2022Unbiased Teacher v2: Semi-supervised Object Detection for Anchor-free and Anchor-based Detectorscited by 69
  32. 2021Data-Uncertainty Guided Multi-Phase Learning for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 48
  33. 2022Semi-supervised 3D Object Detection with Proficient Teacherscited by 45
  34. 2023Active Teacher for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 43
  35. 2020PC-RGNN: Point Cloud Completion and Graph Neural Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
  36. 2022DetMatch: Two Teachers are Better Than One for Joint 2D and 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 20
  37. 2022PseudoAugment: Learning to Use Unlabeled Data for Data Augmentation in Point Cloudscited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 11; 2025: 9; 2026: 1.

24 papers.

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  1. 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 53
  2. 2023Advancements in Point Cloud Data Augmentation for Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 24
  3. 2023A Survey of Label-Efficient Deep Learning for 3D Point Cloudscited by 20
  4. 2023Doubly Robust Self-Trainingcited by 18
  5. 2025Generalized Few-shot 3D Point Cloud Segmentation with Vision-Language Modelcited by 17
  6. 2024MixSup: Mixed-grained Supervision for Label-efficient LiDAR-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  7. 2024Diff3DETR:Agent-based Diffusion Model for Semi-supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  8. 2025Learning to Detect Objects from Multi-Agent LiDAR Scans without Manual Labelscited by 7
  9. 2025SP3D: Boosting Sparsely-Supervised 3D Object Detection via Accurate Cross-Modal Semantic Promptscited by 6
  10. 2025LiDAR Remote Sensing Meets Weak Supervision: Concepts, Methods, and Perspectivescited by 4
  11. 2024Label-Efficient 3D Object Detection For Road-Side Unitscited by 3
  12. 2024Are Dense Labels Always Necessary for 3D Object Detection from Point Cloud?cited by 2
12 more
  1. 2024Instance Consistency Regularization for Semi-Supervised 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 2
  2. 2024Exploring Scene Affinity for Semi-Supervised LiDAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 2
  3. 2024EffiPerception: an Efficient Framework for Various Perception Taskscited by 1
  4. 2024SSF3D: Strict Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detection with Switching Filtercited by 1
  5. 2025GeoTeacher: Geometry-Guided Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
  6. 2024Power of Cooperative Supervision: Multiple Teachers Framework for Enhanced 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 0
  7. 2024TrajSSL: Trajectory-Enhanced Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
  8. 2025Decoupled Competitive Framework for Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentationcited by 0
  9. 2025Transferable Class Statistics and Multi-scale Feature Approximation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
  10. 2025SADA: Safe and Adaptive Aggregation of Multiple Black-Box Predictions in Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0
  11. 2025Learning Adaptive Pseudo-Label Selection for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
  12. 2026LetOccVote: Learning Weakly Supervised 3D Occupancy through Consensuscited by 0