mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CIA-SSD: Confident IoU-Aware Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloud

arXiv 2012.03015 ↗First posted 5 Dec 2020cs.CVcited by 107

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing single-stage detectors for locating objects in point clouds often treat object localization and category classification as separate tasks, so the localization accuracy and classification confidence may not well align. To address this issue, we present a new single-stage detector named the Confident IoU-Aware Single-Stage object Detector (CIA-SSD). First, we design the lightweight Spatial-Semantic Feature Aggregation module to adaptively fuse high-level abstract semantic features and low-level spatial features for accurate predictions of bounding boxes and classification confidence. Also, the predicted confidence is further rectified with our designed IoU-aware confidence rectification module to make the confidence more consistent with the localization accuracy. Based on the rectified confidence, we further formulate the Distance-variant IoU-weighted NMS to obtain smoother regressions and avoid redundant predictions. We experiment CIA-SSD on 3D car detection in the KITTI test set and show that it attains top performance in terms of the official ranking metric (moderate AP 80.28%) and above 32 FPS inference speed, outperforming all prior single-stage detectors. The code is available at https://github.com/Vegeta2020/CIA-SSD.

Key facts. Cited by 107 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Dec 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 35; 2023: 28; 2024: 15; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.

107 papers.

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  1. 2022Focal Sparse Convolutional Networks for 3D Object Detectioncited by 142
  2. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  3. 2022Not All Points Are Equal: Learning Highly Efficient Point-based Detectors for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 131
  4. 2023Spherical Transformer for LiDAR-based 3D Recognitioncited by 125
  5. 2021SE-SSD: Self-Ensembling Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 119
  6. 2021Improving 3D Object Detection with Channel-wise Transformercited by 108
  7. 20213D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 106
  8. 2022Voxel Set Transformer: A Set-to-Set Approach to 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 102
  9. 2022PillarNet: Real-Time and High-Performance Pillar-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 99
  10. 2022CenterFormer: Center-based Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 99
  11. 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generationcited by 94
  12. 2021AFDetV2: Rethinking the Necessity of the Second Stage for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 88
38 more
  1. 2022Sparse Fuse Dense: Towards High Quality 3D Detection with Depth Completioncited by 82
  2. 2023Collaboration Helps Camera Overtake LiDAR in 3D Detectioncited by 81
  3. 2022Point Density-Aware Voxels for LiDAR 3D Object Detectioncited by 70
  4. 2021Behind the Curtain: Learning Occluded Shapes for 3D Object Detectioncited by 58
  5. 2022GD-MAE: Generative Decoder for MAE Pre-training on LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 57
  6. 2022SASA: Semantics-Augmented Set Abstraction for Point-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 52
  7. 2021EPNet++: Cascade Bi-directional Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
  8. 2021VPFNet: Improving 3D Object Detection with Virtual Point based LiDAR and Stereo Data Fusioncited by 48
  9. 2021Keypoints-Based Deep Feature Fusion for Cooperative Vehicle Detection of Autonomous Drivingcited by 45
  10. 2022Graph R-CNN: Towards Accurate 3D Object Detection with Semantic-Decorated Local Graphcited by 42
  11. 2022RBGNet: Ray-based Grouping for 3D Object Detectioncited by 40
  12. 2022SSDA3D: Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudcited by 37
  13. 2023Super Sparse 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
  14. 2023OcTr: Octree-based Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
  15. 2023DetZero: Rethinking Offboard 3D Object Detection with Long-term Sequential Point Cloudscited by 31
  16. 2022Spatial Pruned Sparse Convolution for Efficient 3D Object Detectioncited by 26
  17. 2022DBQ-SSD: Dynamic Ball Query for Efficient 3D Object Detectioncited by 25
  18. 2022GLENet: Boosting 3D Object Detectors with Generative Label Uncertainty Estimationcited by 24
  19. 2023Hierarchical Supervision and Shuffle Data Augmentation for 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 24
  20. 2022Boosting 3D Object Detection by Simulating Multimodality on Point Cloudscited by 22
  21. 2023Object Detection with Transformers: A Reviewcited by 22
  22. 2023PVT-SSD: Single-Stage 3D Object Detector with Point-Voxel Transformercited by 21
  23. 2022Rethinking IoU-based Optimization for Single-stage 3D Object Detectioncited by 19
  24. 2021BADet: Boundary-Aware 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 17
  25. 2021Static-Dynamic Co-Teaching for Class-Incremental 3D Object Detectioncited by 16
  26. 2025SparseAlign: A Fully Sparse Framework for Cooperative Object Detectioncited by 15
  27. 2024Information Entropy Guided Height-aware Histogram for Quantization-friendly Pillar Feature Encodercited by 14
  28. 2022A Survey of Robust 3D Object Detection Methods in Point Cloudscited by 10
  29. 2022Real-Time and Robust 3D Object Detection Within Road-Side LiDARs Using Domain Adaptationcited by 10
  30. 2023Generating Evidential BEV Maps in Continuous Driving Spacecited by 10
  31. 2023PillarNeSt: Embracing Backbone Scaling and Pretraining for Pillar-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
  32. 2024An Empirical Study of the Generalization Ability of Lidar 3D Object Detectors to Unseen Domainscited by 10
  33. 2022Real-Time And Robust 3D Object Detection with Roadside LiDARscited by 9
  34. 2023Weakly Supervised 3D Object Detection via Multi-Level Visual Guidancecited by 9
  35. 20223D Cascade RCNN: High Quality Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 7
  36. 2024CT3D++: Improving 3D Object Detection with Keypoint-induced Channel-wise Transformercited by 7
  37. 20212D vs. 3D LiDAR-based Person Detection on Mobile Robotscited by 6
  38. 2022Boosting Single-Frame 3D Object Detection by Simulating Multi-Frame Point Cloudscited by 6

50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)