mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Can ChatGPT Assess Human Personalities? A General Evaluation Framework

arXiv 2303.01248 ↗First posted 1 Mar 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 69

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) especially ChatGPT have produced impressive results in various areas, but their potential human-like psychology is still largely unexplored. Existing works study the virtual personalities of LLMs but rarely explore the possibility of analyzing human personalities via LLMs. This paper presents a generic evaluation framework for LLMs to assess human personalities based on Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) tests. Specifically, we first devise unbiased prompts by randomly permuting options in MBTI questions and adopt the average testing result to encourage more impartial answer generation. Then, we propose to replace the subject in question statements to enable flexible queries and assessments on different subjects from LLMs. Finally, we re-formulate the question instructions in a manner of correctness evaluation to facilitate LLMs to generate clearer responses. The proposed framework enables LLMs to flexibly assess personalities of different groups of people. We further propose three evaluation metrics to measure the consistency, robustness, and fairness of assessment results from state-of-the-art LLMs including ChatGPT and GPT-4. Our experiments reveal ChatGPT's ability to assess human personalities, and the average results demonstrate that it can achieve more consistent and fairer assessments in spite of lower robustness against prompt biases compared with InstructGPT.

Key facts. Cited by 69 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2023.

Builds on

18 of 95 references.

References · 18

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
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  8. 2019How Can We Know What Language Models Know?cited by 953
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  10. 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improvecited by 656
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  12. 2021An Empirical Study of GPT-3 for Few-Shot Knowledge-Based VQAcited by 298
6 more
  1. 2022Teaching language models to support answers with verified quotescited by 290
  2. 2019Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Modelscited by 214
  3. 2022Who is GPT-3? An Exploration of Personality, Values and Demographicscited by 112
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 22; 2024: 27; 2025: 16; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2023Is ChatGPT a Good NLG Evaluator? A Preliminary Studycited by 420
  2. 2023PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of Large Language Models to Express Personality Traitscited by 229
  3. 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMscited by 224
  4. 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 206
  5. 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 203
  6. 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
  7. 2023Do LLMs Possess a Personality? Making the MBTI Test an Amazing Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 54
  8. 2023Emotionally Numb or Empathetic? Evaluating How LLMs Feel Using EmotionBenchcited by 54
  9. 2023Knowing What LLMs DO NOT Know: A Simple Yet Effective Self-Detection Methodcited by 51
  10. 2025PersonaX: A Recommendation Agent Oriented User Modeling Framework for Long Behavior Sequencecited by 33
  11. 2023Interactive Natural Language Processingcited by 31
  12. 2023DialogBench: Evaluating LLMs as Human-like Dialogue Systemscited by 31
38 more
  1. 2024Human and LLM Biases in Hate Speech Annotations: A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Annotators and Targetscited by 31
  2. 2024AI for social science and social science of AI: A Surveycited by 29
  3. 2024LLM-GLOBE: A Benchmark Evaluating the Cultural Values Embedded in LLM Outputcited by 27
  4. 2024Open Models, Closed Minds? On Agents Capabilities in Mimicking Human Personalities through Open Large Language Modelscited by 19
  5. 2024ValueBench: Towards Comprehensively Evaluating Value Orientations and Understanding of Large Language Modelscited by 19
  6. 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Modelscited by 19
  7. 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directionscited by 18
  8. 2024IQA-EVAL: Automatic Evaluation of Human-Model Interactive Question Answeringcited by 18
  9. 2023FakeGPT: Fake News Generation, Explanation and Detection of Large Language Modelscited by 16
  10. 2025Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits on LLM Bias and Toxicitycited by 14
  11. 2024Measuring Human and AI Values Based on Generative Psychometrics with Large Language Modelscited by 13
  12. 2024Eliciting Personality Traits in Large Language Modelscited by 12
  13. 2025Who's the Mole? Modeling and Detecting Intention-Hiding Malicious Agents in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 12
  14. 2023Beneath Surface Similarity: Large Language Models Make Reasonable Scientific Analogies after Structure Abductioncited by 11
  15. 2023How Far Are LLMs from Believable AI? A Benchmark for Evaluating the Believability of Human Behavior Simulationcited by 11
  16. 2024RLPF: Reinforcement Learning from Prediction Feedback for User Summarization with LLMscited by 11
  17. 2023From Values to Opinions: Predicting Human Behaviors and Stances Using Value-Injected Large Language Modelscited by 10
  18. 2024Self-assessment, Exhibition, and Recognition: a Review of Personality in Large Language Modelscited by 10
  19. 2025Automatic Reviewers Fail to Detect Faulty Reasoning in Research Papers: A New Counterfactual Evaluation Frameworkcited by 10
  20. 2023Machine Mindset: An MBTI Exploration of Large Language Modelscited by 9
  21. 2023The Cultural Psychology of Large Language Models: Is ChatGPT a Holistic or Analytic Thinker?cited by 8
  22. 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
  23. 2024Unveiling Bias in Fairness Evaluations of Large Language Models: A Critical Literature Review of Music and Movie Recommendation Systemscited by 7
  24. 2024Leveraging Professional Radiologists' Expertise to Enhance LLMs' Evaluation for Radiology Reportscited by 7
  25. 2024Affective-NLI: Towards Accurate and Interpretable Personality Recognition in Conversationcited by 7
  26. 2024Predicting the Big Five Personality Traits in Chinese Counselling Dialogues Using Large Language Modelscited by 7
  27. 2024PSYDIAL: Personality-based Synthetic Dialogue Generation using Large Language Modelscited by 6
  28. 2024P-React: Synthesizing Topic-Adaptive Reactions of Personality Traits via Mixture of Specialized LoRA Expertscited by 6
  29. 2024PersonaMark: Personalized LLM watermarking for model protection and user attributioncited by 6
  30. 2024The Battle of LLMs: A Comparative Study in Conversational QA Taskscited by 5
  31. 2024PsyDI: Towards a Personalized and Progressively In-depth Chatbot for Psychological Measurementscited by 5
  32. 2024Large Language Models can Achieve Social Balancecited by 5
  33. 2025A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMscited by 5
  34. 2023ChatGPT-EDSS: Empathetic Dialogue Speech Synthesis Trained from ChatGPT-derived Context Word Embeddingscited by 4
  35. 2025CAPE: Context-Aware Personality Evaluation Framework for Large Language Modelscited by 4
  36. 2025Personality as a Probe for LLM Evaluation: Method Trade-offs and Downstream Effectscited by 4
  37. 2023ChatGPT-Crawler: Find out if ChatGPT really knows what it's talking aboutcited by 3
  38. 2023Mind vs. Mouth: On Measuring Re-judge Inconsistency of Social Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 3

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