Can ChatGPT Assess Human Personalities? A General Evaluation Framework
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) especially ChatGPT have produced impressive results in various areas, but their potential human-like psychology is still largely unexplored. Existing works study the virtual personalities of LLMs but rarely explore the possibility of analyzing human personalities via LLMs. This paper presents a generic evaluation framework for LLMs to assess human personalities based on Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) tests. Specifically, we first devise unbiased prompts by randomly permuting options in MBTI questions and adopt the average testing result to encourage more impartial answer generation. Then, we propose to replace the subject in question statements to enable flexible queries and assessments on different subjects from LLMs. Finally, we re-formulate the question instructions in a manner of correctness evaluation to facilitate LLMs to generate clearer responses. The proposed framework enables LLMs to flexibly assess personalities of different groups of people. We further propose three evaluation metrics to measure the consistency, robustness, and fairness of assessment results from state-of-the-art LLMs including ChatGPT and GPT-4. Our experiments reveal ChatGPT's ability to assess human personalities, and the average results demonstrate that it can achieve more consistent and fairer assessments in spite of lower robustness against prompt biases compared with InstructGPT.
Key facts. Cited by 69 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2023.
Builds on
18 of 95 references.
References · 18
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- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
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- 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,304
- 2021Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Modelscited by 957
- 2019How Can We Know What Language Models Know?cited by 953
- 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 911
- 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improvecited by 656
- 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 540
- 2021An Empirical Study of GPT-3 for Few-Shot Knowledge-Based VQAcited by 298
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- 2022Teaching language models to support answers with verified quotescited by 290
- 2019Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Modelscited by 214
- 2022Who is GPT-3? An Exploration of Personality, Values and Demographicscited by 112
- 2022Identifying and Manipulating the Personality Traits of Language Modelscited by 40
- 2020Collaborative Storytelling with Large-scale Neural Language Modelscited by 21
- 2022a survey on GPT-3cited by 9
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 22; 2024: 27; 2025: 16; 2026: 4.
69 papers.
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- 2023Is ChatGPT a Good NLG Evaluator? A Preliminary Studycited by 420
- 2023PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of Large Language Models to Express Personality Traitscited by 229
- 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMscited by 224
- 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 206
- 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 203
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
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- 2023Emotionally Numb or Empathetic? Evaluating How LLMs Feel Using EmotionBenchcited by 54
- 2023Knowing What LLMs DO NOT Know: A Simple Yet Effective Self-Detection Methodcited by 51
- 2025PersonaX: A Recommendation Agent Oriented User Modeling Framework for Long Behavior Sequencecited by 33
- 2023Interactive Natural Language Processingcited by 31
- 2023DialogBench: Evaluating LLMs as Human-like Dialogue Systemscited by 31
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- 2024Open Models, Closed Minds? On Agents Capabilities in Mimicking Human Personalities through Open Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024ValueBench: Towards Comprehensively Evaluating Value Orientations and Understanding of Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directionscited by 18
- 2024IQA-EVAL: Automatic Evaluation of Human-Model Interactive Question Answeringcited by 18
- 2023FakeGPT: Fake News Generation, Explanation and Detection of Large Language Modelscited by 16
- 2025Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits on LLM Bias and Toxicitycited by 14
- 2024Measuring Human and AI Values Based on Generative Psychometrics with Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2024Eliciting Personality Traits in Large Language Modelscited by 12
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- 2023Beneath Surface Similarity: Large Language Models Make Reasonable Scientific Analogies after Structure Abductioncited by 11
- 2023How Far Are LLMs from Believable AI? A Benchmark for Evaluating the Believability of Human Behavior Simulationcited by 11
- 2024RLPF: Reinforcement Learning from Prediction Feedback for User Summarization with LLMscited by 11
- 2023From Values to Opinions: Predicting Human Behaviors and Stances Using Value-Injected Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024Self-assessment, Exhibition, and Recognition: a Review of Personality in Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025Automatic Reviewers Fail to Detect Faulty Reasoning in Research Papers: A New Counterfactual Evaluation Frameworkcited by 10
- 2023Machine Mindset: An MBTI Exploration of Large Language Modelscited by 9
- 2023The Cultural Psychology of Large Language Models: Is ChatGPT a Holistic or Analytic Thinker?cited by 8
- 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
- 2024Unveiling Bias in Fairness Evaluations of Large Language Models: A Critical Literature Review of Music and Movie Recommendation Systemscited by 7
- 2024Leveraging Professional Radiologists' Expertise to Enhance LLMs' Evaluation for Radiology Reportscited by 7
- 2024Affective-NLI: Towards Accurate and Interpretable Personality Recognition in Conversationcited by 7
- 2024Predicting the Big Five Personality Traits in Chinese Counselling Dialogues Using Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024PSYDIAL: Personality-based Synthetic Dialogue Generation using Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024P-React: Synthesizing Topic-Adaptive Reactions of Personality Traits via Mixture of Specialized LoRA Expertscited by 6
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- 2025Personality as a Probe for LLM Evaluation: Method Trade-offs and Downstream Effectscited by 4
- 2023ChatGPT-Crawler: Find out if ChatGPT really knows what it's talking aboutcited by 3
- 2023Mind vs. Mouth: On Measuring Re-judge Inconsistency of Social Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 3
50 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)
- 2026LEX-EC: A Lexical Evidence-Channel Audit Framework for Zero-Shot LLM Personality Classification in Black-Box Settings27 Jul 2026
- 2026Fine-Tuned Multi-Agent Framework for Detecting OCEAN in Life Narratives13 Jul 2026
- 2026Behavioral Determinants of Deployed AI Agents in Social Networks: A Multi-Factor Study of Personality, Model, and Guardrail Specification8 May 2026
- 2026Event-Centric Human Value Understanding in News-Domain Texts: An Actor-Conditioned, Multi-Granularity Benchmark18 Mar 2026
- 2025Prompting-in-a-Series: Psychology-Informed Contents and Embeddings for Personality Recognition With Decoder-Only Models7 Dec 2025
- 2025Humanoid Artificial Consciousness Designed with Large Language Model Based on Psychoanalysis and Personality Theory10 Oct 2025
- 2025Mapping Patient-Perceived Physician Traits from Nationwide Online Reviews with LLMs5 Oct 2025
- 2025Toxicity in Online Platforms and AI Systems: A Survey of Needs, Challenges, Mitigations, and Future Directions29 Sep 2025
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- 2025Personality as a Probe for LLM Evaluation: Method Trade-offs and Downstream Effects5 Sep 2025
- 2025Automatic Reviewers Fail to Detect Faulty Reasoning in Research Papers: A New Counterfactual Evaluation Framework29 Aug 2025
- 2025From Post To Personality: Harnessing LLMs for MBTI Prediction in Social Media28 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025CAPE: Context-Aware Personality Evaluation Framework for Large Language Models28 Aug 2025
- 2025Who's the Mole? Modeling and Detecting Intention-Hiding Malicious Agents in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems7 Jul 2025
- 2025A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs28 Mar 2025
- 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabia21 Mar 2025
- 2025PersonaX: A Recommendation Agent Oriented User Modeling Framework for Long Behavior Sequence4 Mar 2025
- 2025Integrating Personality into Digital Humans: A Review of LLM-Driven Approaches for Virtual Reality22 Feb 2025
- 2025Robust Bias Detection in MLMs and its Application to Human Trait Ratings21 Feb 2025
- 2025Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits on LLM Bias and Toxicity18 Feb 2025
- 2024LLM-GLOBE: A Benchmark Evaluating the Cultural Values Embedded in LLM Output9 Nov 2024
- 2024Human and LLM Biases in Hate Speech Annotations: A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Annotators and Targets10 Oct 2024
- 2024Large Language Models can Achieve Social Balance5 Oct 2024
- 2024The use of GPT-4o and Other Large Language Models for the Improvement and Design of Self-Assessment Scales for Measurement of Interpersonal Communication Skills21 Sep 2024
- 2024Measuring Human and AI Values Based on Generative Psychometrics with Large Language Models18 Sep 2024
- 2024PersonaMark: Personalized LLM watermarking for model protection and user attribution15 Sep 2024
- 2024RLPF: Reinforcement Learning from Prediction Feedback for User Summarization with LLMs6 Sep 2024
- 2024IQA-EVAL: Automatic Evaluation of Human-Model Interactive Question Answering24 Aug 2024
- 2024PsyDI: Towards a Personalized and Progressively In-depth Chatbot for Psychological Measurements22 Jul 2024
- 2024The Career Interests of Large Language Models11 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-assessment, Exhibition, and Recognition: a Review of Personality in Large Language Models25 Jun 2024
- 2024Predicting the Big Five Personality Traits in Chinese Counselling Dialogues Using Large Language Models25 Jun 2024
- 2024P-React: Synthesizing Topic-Adaptive Reactions of Personality Traits via Mixture of Specialized LoRA Experts18 Jun 2024
- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Models16 Jun 2024
- 2024ValueBench: Towards Comprehensively Evaluating Value Orientations and Understanding of Large Language Models6 Jun 2024
- 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalization3 Jun 2024
- 2024The Battle of LLMs: A Comparative Study in Conversational QA Tasks28 May 2024
- 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agents28 Apr 2024
- 2024Affective-NLI: Towards Accurate and Interpretable Personality Recognition in Conversation3 Apr 2024
- 2024PSYDIAL: Personality-based Synthetic Dialogue Generation using Large Language Models1 Apr 2024
- 2024Secret Keepers: The Impact of LLMs on Linguistic Markers of Personal Traits30 Mar 2024
- 2024Eliciting Personality Traits in Large Language Models13 Feb 2024
- 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMs6 Feb 2024
- 2024Leveraging Professional Radiologists' Expertise to Enhance LLMs' Evaluation for Radiology Reports29 Jan 2024
- 2024AI for social science and social science of AI: A Survey22 Jan 2024
- 2024Open Models, Closed Minds? On Agents Capabilities in Mimicking Human Personalities through Open Large Language Models13 Jan 2024
- 2024Unveiling Bias in Fairness Evaluations of Large Language Models: A Critical Literature Review of Music and Movie Recommendation Systems8 Jan 2024
- 2023How Far Are LLMs from Believable AI? A Benchmark for Evaluating the Believability of Human Behavior Simulation28 Dec 2023
- 2023An Empirical Study on Compliance with Ranking Transparency in the Software Documentation of EU Online Platforms22 Dec 2023
- 2023Machine Mindset: An MBTI Exploration of Large Language Models20 Dec 2023
50 newest of 69 All 69 (JSON)
- 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 206
- 2025PersonaX: A Recommendation Agent Oriented User Modeling Framework for Long Behavior Sequencecited by 33
- 2024Open Models, Closed Minds? On Agents Capabilities in Mimicking Human Personalities through Open Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2025Who's the Mole? Modeling and Detecting Intention-Hiding Malicious Agents in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 12
- 2025Personality as a Probe for LLM Evaluation: Method Trade-offs and Downstream Effectscited by 4
- 2026Behavioral Determinants of Deployed AI Agents in Social Networks: A Multi-Factor Study of Personality, Model, and Guardrail Specificationcited by 0
- 2026Fine-Tuned Multi-Agent Framework for Detecting OCEAN in Life Narrativescited by 0
- 2026Fine-Tuned Multi-Agent Framework for Detecting OCEAN in Life Narratives13 Jul 2026
- 2026Behavioral Determinants of Deployed AI Agents in Social Networks: A Multi-Factor Study of Personality, Model, and Guardrail Specification8 May 2026
- 2025Personality as a Probe for LLM Evaluation: Method Trade-offs and Downstream Effects5 Sep 2025
- 2025Who's the Mole? Modeling and Detecting Intention-Hiding Malicious Agents in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems7 Jul 2025
- 2025PersonaX: A Recommendation Agent Oriented User Modeling Framework for Long Behavior Sequence4 Mar 2025
- 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agents28 Apr 2024
- 2024Open Models, Closed Minds? On Agents Capabilities in Mimicking Human Personalities through Open Large Language Models13 Jan 2024
- 2023Beneath Surface Similarity: Large Language Models Make Reasonable Scientific Analogies after Structure Abductioncited by 11
- 2025Automatic Reviewers Fail to Detect Faulty Reasoning in Research Papers: A New Counterfactual Evaluation Frameworkcited by 10
- 2023The Cultural Psychology of Large Language Models: Is ChatGPT a Holistic or Analytic Thinker?cited by 8
- 2025Automatic Reviewers Fail to Detect Faulty Reasoning in Research Papers: A New Counterfactual Evaluation Framework29 Aug 2025
- 2023The Cultural Psychology of Large Language Models: Is ChatGPT a Holistic or Analytic Thinker?28 Aug 2023
- 2023Beneath Surface Similarity: Large Language Models Make Reasonable Scientific Analogies after Structure Abduction22 May 2023
- 2023Is ChatGPT a Good NLG Evaluator? A Preliminary Studycited by 420
- 2023PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of Large Language Models to Express Personality Traitscited by 229
- 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMscited by 224
- 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 203
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
- 2023Do LLMs Possess a Personality? Making the MBTI Test an Amazing Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 54
- 2023Emotionally Numb or Empathetic? Evaluating How LLMs Feel Using EmotionBenchcited by 54
- 2023Knowing What LLMs DO NOT Know: A Simple Yet Effective Self-Detection Methodcited by 51
- 2023Interactive Natural Language Processingcited by 31
- 2023DialogBench: Evaluating LLMs as Human-like Dialogue Systemscited by 31
- 2024Human and LLM Biases in Hate Speech Annotations: A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Annotators and Targetscited by 31
- 2024AI for social science and social science of AI: A Surveycited by 29
12 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026LEX-EC: A Lexical Evidence-Channel Audit Framework for Zero-Shot LLM Personality Classification in Black-Box Settings27 Jul 2026
- 2026Event-Centric Human Value Understanding in News-Domain Texts: An Actor-Conditioned, Multi-Granularity Benchmark18 Mar 2026
- 2025Prompting-in-a-Series: Psychology-Informed Contents and Embeddings for Personality Recognition With Decoder-Only Models7 Dec 2025
- 2025Humanoid Artificial Consciousness Designed with Large Language Model Based on Psychoanalysis and Personality Theory10 Oct 2025
- 2025Mapping Patient-Perceived Physician Traits from Nationwide Online Reviews with LLMs5 Oct 2025
- 2025Toxicity in Online Platforms and AI Systems: A Survey of Needs, Challenges, Mitigations, and Future Directions29 Sep 2025
- 2025PersonaX: Multimodal Datasets with LLM-Inferred Behavior Traits14 Sep 2025
- 2025From Post To Personality: Harnessing LLMs for MBTI Prediction in Social Media28 Aug 2025
- 2025CAPE: Context-Aware Personality Evaluation Framework for Large Language Models28 Aug 2025
- 2025A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs28 Mar 2025
- 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabia21 Mar 2025
- 2025Integrating Personality into Digital Humans: A Review of LLM-Driven Approaches for Virtual Reality22 Feb 2025
12 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)