Bridging the View Disparity Between Radar and Camera Features for Multi-modal Fusion 3D Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Environmental perception with the multi-modal fusion of radar and camera is crucial in autonomous driving to increase accuracy, completeness, and robustness. This paper focuses on utilizing millimeter-wave (MMW) radar and camera sensor fusion for 3D object detection. A novel method that realizes the feature-level fusion under the bird's-eye view (BEV) for a better feature representation is proposed. Firstly, radar points are augmented with temporal accumulation and sent to a spatial-temporal encoder for radar feature extraction. Meanwhile, multi-scale image 2D features which adapt to various spatial scales are obtained by image backbone and neck model. Then, image features are transformed to BEV with the designed view transformer. In addition, this work fuses the multi-modal features with a two-stage fusion model called point-fusion and ROI-fusion, respectively. Finally, a detection head regresses objects category and 3D locations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method realizes the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance under the most crucial detection metrics-mean average precision (mAP) and nuScenes detection score (NDS) on the challenging nuScenes dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Aug 2022.
Builds on
37 of 54 references.
References · 37
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25 more
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- 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 713
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- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 278
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- 2020CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 161
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 11; 2024: 13; 2025: 13; 2026: 7.
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- 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perceptioncited by 82
- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 58
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 58
- 2023SMURF: Spatial Multi-Representation Fusion for 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 49
- 2022Learning for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Cooperative Perception under Lossy Communicationcited by 47
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 28
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 28
- 2023Grid-Centric Traffic Scenario Perception for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 25
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 22
34 more
- 2022Focal-PETR: Embracing Foreground for Efficient Multi-Camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 19
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 19
- 2024CRT-Fusion: Camera, Radar, Temporal Fusion Using Motion Information for 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2025LXLv2: Enhanced LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with Fusion of 4D Radar and Cameracited by 13
- 2024RCBEVDet++: Toward High-accuracy Radar-Camera Fusion 3D Perception Networkcited by 11
- 2023SSD-MonoDETR: Supervised Scale-aware Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on the Robustness of Image Classification and Object Detection in Remote Sensing: Surveying and Benchmarkingcited by 5
- 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospectscited by 5
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 3
- 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusioncited by 3
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDARcited by 3
- 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformationcited by 2
- 2025DEPFusion: Dual-Domain Enhancement and Priority-Guided Mamba Fusion for UAV Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2023MMF-Track: Multi-modal Multi-level Fusion for 3D Single Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2024Enhanced Cooperative Perception for Autonomous Vehicles Using Imperfect Communicationcited by 1
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2025PAN: Pillars-Attention-Based Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2023Group Equivariant BEV for 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Revisiting Radar Camera Alignment by Contrastive Learning for 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
- 2026CLLAP: Contrastive Learning-based LiDAR-Augmented Pretraining for Enhanced Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 0
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar Viewcited by 0
- 2026Radar Guided Camera Verification for Automatic Emergency Braking Rethinking Object Detection in Radar Camera Fusioncited by 0
- 2026MATS: A novel multi-modality multi-task learning framework for 3D perception in autonomous drivingcited by 0
- 2026HMS-SCP: Task-Oriented Multi-Scale Semantic Communication for V2X Cooperative Perceptioncited by 0
- 2026MATS: A novel multi-modality multi-task learning framework for 3D perception in autonomous driving27 Jul 2026
- 2026HMS-SCP: Task-Oriented Multi-Scale Semantic Communication for V2X Cooperative Perception3 Jul 2026
- 2026Radar Guided Camera Verification for Automatic Emergency Braking Rethinking Object Detection in Radar Camera Fusion25 Jun 2026
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar View12 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026CLLAP: Contrastive Learning-based LiDAR-Augmented Pretraining for Enhanced Radar-Camera Fusion27 Apr 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusion22 Sep 2025
- 2025PAN: Pillars-Attention-Based Network for 3D Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025DEPFusion: Dual-Domain Enhancement and Priority-Guided Mamba Fusion for UAV Multispectral Object Detection9 Sep 2025
- 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformation6 Sep 2025
34 more
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles27 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025Revisiting Radar Camera Alignment by Contrastive Learning for 3D Object Detection23 Apr 2025
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection12 Apr 2025
- 2025LXLv2: Enhanced LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with Fusion of 4D Radar and Camera20 Feb 2025
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perception26 Jan 2025
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusion17 Dec 2024
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection29 Nov 2024
- 2024CRT-Fusion: Camera, Radar, Temporal Fusion Using Motion Information for 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detection9 Sep 2024
- 2024RCBEVDet++: Toward High-accuracy Radar-Camera Fusion 3D Perception Network8 Sep 2024
- 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Camera23 Jul 2024
- 2024Enhanced Cooperative Perception for Autonomous Vehicles Using Imperfect Communication10 Apr 2024
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detection3 Apr 2024
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillation28 Mar 2024
- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detection25 Mar 2024
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perception12 Mar 2024
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Features8 Mar 2024
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Review8 Dec 2023
- 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehicles7 Sep 2023
- 2023SMURF: Spatial Multi-Representation Fusion for 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar20 Jul 2023
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusion3 Jul 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on the Robustness of Image Classification and Object Detection in Remote Sensing: Surveying and Benchmarking21 Jun 2023
- 2023SSD-MonoDETR: Supervised Scale-aware Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detection12 May 2023
- 2023MMF-Track: Multi-modal Multi-level Fusion for 3D Single Object Tracking11 May 2023
- 2023Group Equivariant BEV for 3D Object Detection26 Apr 2023
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Review20 Apr 2023
- 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perception3 Apr 2023
- 2023Grid-Centric Traffic Scenario Perception for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Review2 Mar 2023
- 2022Learning for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Cooperative Perception under Lossy Communication16 Dec 2022
- 2022Focal-PETR: Embracing Foreground for Efficient Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection11 Dec 2022
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 28
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 28
- 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusioncited by 3
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusion22 Sep 2025
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillation28 Mar 2024
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Features8 Mar 2024
- 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perceptioncited by 82
- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 58
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 58
- 2023SMURF: Spatial Multi-Representation Fusion for 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 49
- 2022Learning for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Cooperative Perception under Lossy Communicationcited by 47
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 22
- 2022Focal-PETR: Embracing Foreground for Efficient Multi-Camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 19
12 most cited of 39 All 39 (JSON)
- 2026MATS: A novel multi-modality multi-task learning framework for 3D perception in autonomous driving27 Jul 2026
- 2026HMS-SCP: Task-Oriented Multi-Scale Semantic Communication for V2X Cooperative Perception3 Jul 2026
- 2026Radar Guided Camera Verification for Automatic Emergency Braking Rethinking Object Detection in Radar Camera Fusion25 Jun 2026
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar View12 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026CLLAP: Contrastive Learning-based LiDAR-Augmented Pretraining for Enhanced Radar-Camera Fusion27 Apr 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2025PAN: Pillars-Attention-Based Network for 3D Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformation6 Sep 2025
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles27 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
12 newest of 39 All 39 (JSON)