SKFlow: Learning Optical Flow with Super Kernels
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Abstract (arXiv)
Optical flow estimation is a classical yet challenging task in computer vision. One of the essential factors in accurately predicting optical flow is to alleviate occlusions between frames. However, it is still a thorny problem for current top-performing optical flow estimation methods due to insufficient local evidence to model occluded areas. In this paper, we propose the Super Kernel Flow Network (SKFlow), a CNN architecture to ameliorate the impacts of occlusions on optical flow estimation. SKFlow benefits from the super kernels which bring enlarged receptive fields to complement the absent matching information and recover the occluded motions. We present efficient super kernel designs by utilizing conical connections and hybrid depth-wise convolutions. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of SKFlow on multiple benchmarks, especially in the occluded areas. Without pre-trained backbones on ImageNet and with a modest increase in computation, SKFlow achieves compelling performance and ranks 1st among currently published methods on the Sintel benchmark. On the challenging Sintel clean and final passes (test), SKFlow surpasses the best-published result in the unmatched areas (7.96 and 12.50) by 9.09% and 7.92%. The code is available at hrefhttps://github.com/littlespray/SKFlowhttps://github.com/littlespray/SKFlow.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 May 2022.
Builds on
27 of 55 references.
References · 27
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,364
- 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,475
- 2014Going Deeper with Convolutionscited by 4,241
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,415
- 2016Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutionscited by 2,332
- 2016Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the Impact of Residual Connections on Learningcited by 1,512
- 2015FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convolutional Networkscited by 1,059
- 2017PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volumecited by 968
- 2016FlowNet 2.0: Evolution of Optical Flow Estimation with Deep Networkscited by 784
- 2017Understanding the Effective Receptive Field in Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 553
- 2021Learning to Estimate Hidden Motions with Global Motion Aggregationcited by 224
15 more
- 2019Local Relation Networks for Image Recognitioncited by 210
- 2017Large Kernel Matters -- Improve Semantic Segmentation by Global Convolutional Networkcited by 208
- 2017Understanding Convolution for Semantic Segmentationcited by 168
- 2019Iterative Residual Refinement for Joint Optical Flow and Occlusion Estimationcited by 131
- 2021CKConv: Continuous Kernel Convolution For Sequential Datacited by 120
- 2020MaskFlownet: Asymmetric Feature Matching with Learnable Occlusion Maskcited by 117
- 2018Models Matter, So Does Training: An Empirical Study of CNNs for Optical Flow Estimationcited by 94
- 2018Hierarchical Discrete Distribution Decomposition for Match Density Estimationcited by 93
- 2019A Lightweight Optical Flow CNN - Revisiting Data Fidelity and Regularizationcited by 76
- 2021FlexConv: Continuous Kernel Convolutions with Differentiable Kernel Sizescited by 66
- 2021High-Resolution Optical Flow from 1D Attention and Correlationcited by 54
- 2021Learning Optical Flow from a Few Matchescited by 53
- 2020Displacement-Invariant Matching Cost Learning for Accurate Optical Flow Estimationcited by 49
- 2016Full Flow: Optical Flow Estimation By Global Optimization over Regular Gridscited by 34
- 2022Learning Optical Flow with Adaptive Graph Reasoningcited by 33
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 21; 2024: 9; 2025: 18; 2026: 6.
56 papers.
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- 2023CoTracker: It is Better to Track Togethercited by 522
- 2024SEA-RAFT: Simple, Efficient, Accurate RAFT for Optical Flowcited by 174
- 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 166
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2023FlowFormer++: Masked Cost Volume Autoencoding for Pretraining Optical Flow Estimationcited by 114
- 2023VideoFlow: Exploiting Temporal Cues for Multi-frame Optical Flow Estimationcited by 82
- 2022A Simple Baseline for Video Restoration with Grouped Spatial-temporal Shiftcited by 68
- 2024MemFlow: Optical Flow Estimation and Prediction with Memorycited by 55
- 2025WAFT: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 34
- 2023Rethinking Optical Flow from Geometric Matching Consistent Perspectivecited by 33
- 2025DPFlow: Adaptive Optical Flow Estimation with a Dual-Pyramid Frameworkcited by 30
- 2023Learning Optical Flow from Event Camera with Rendered Datasetcited by 26
38 more
- 2023Mask Propagation for Efficient Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 26
- 2025VideoGen-Eval: Agent-based System for Video Generation Evaluationcited by 23
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
- 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flowcited by 18
- 2023AnyFlow: Arbitrary Scale Optical Flow with Implicit Neural Representationcited by 17
- 2023SAMFlow: Eliminating Any Fragmentation in Optical Flow with Segment Anything Modelcited by 15
- 2023CCMR: High Resolution Optical Flow Estimation via Coarse-to-Fine Context-Guided Motion Reasoningcited by 15
- 2023Win-Win: Training High-Resolution Vision Transformers from Two Windowscited by 12
- 2023StreamFlow: Streamlined Multi-Frame Optical Flow Estimation for Video Sequencescited by 12
- 2023Searching a Compact Architecture for Robust Multi-Exposure Image Fusioncited by 11
- 2024LayeredFlow: A Real-World Benchmark for Non-Lambertian Multi-Layer Optical Flowcited by 11
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Basescited by 10
- 2023Context-PIPs: Persistent Independent Particles Demands Spatial Context Featurescited by 9
- 2023Memory-Efficient Optical Flow via Radius-Distribution Orthogonal Cost Volumecited by 9
- 2025Flow-Anything: Learning Real-World Optical Flow Estimation from Large-Scale Single-view Imagescited by 9
- 2025Flow4Agent: Long-form Video Understanding via Motion Prior from Optical Flowcited by 9
- 2025H-MoRe: Learning Human-centric Motion Representation for Action Analysiscited by 8
- 2023MVFlow: Deep Optical Flow Estimation of Compressed Videos with Motion Vector Priorcited by 7
- 2024FacialFlowNet: Advancing Facial Optical Flow Estimation with a Diverse Dataset and a Decomposed Modelcited by 7
- 2024ProMotion: Prototypes As Motion Learnerscited by 5
- 2024NeuFlow v2: Push High-Efficiency Optical Flow To the Limitcited by 5
- 2025PriOr-Flow: Enhancing Primitive Panoramic Optical Flow with Orthogonal Viewcited by 4
- 2025Learning Efficient Meshflow and Optical Flow from Event Camerascited by 4
- 2023FlowFormer: A Transformer Architecture and Its Masked Cost Volume Autoencoding for Optical Flowcited by 3
- 2023Open-DDVM: A Reproduction and Extension of Diffusion Model for Optical Flow Estimationcited by 3
- 2024Towards Dependable Optical Flow: Benchmarks for Real-World Spatiotemporal Corruptionscited by 3
- 2024GG-SSMs: Graph-Generating State Space Modelscited by 3
- 2025Online Dense Point Tracking with Streaming Memorycited by 3
- 2025Perturbed State Space Feature Encoders for Optical Flow with Event Camerascited by 2
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Modelscited by 2
- 2025BAT: Learning Event-based Optical Flow with Bidirectional Adaptive Temporal Correlationcited by 1
- 2025Efficient All-Pairs Correlation Volume Sampling for Optical Flow Estimationcited by 1
- 2025IE-Critic-R1: Advancing the Explanatory Measurement of Text-Driven Image Editing for Human Perception Alignmentcited by 1
- 2026Triangular Consistency as a Universal Constraint for Learning Optical Flowcited by 1
- 2023Dual-Stream Attention Transformers for Sewer Defect Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Trustworthy Self-Attention: Enabling the Network to Focus Only on the Most Relevant Referencescited by 0
- 2025M2DAO-Talker: Harmonizing Multi-granular Motion Decoupling and Alternating Optimization for Talking-head Generationcited by 0
- 2025MatchAttention: Embedding Explicit Matching Constraints into Attention for Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Cross-Spectral Dense Correspondence for Multimodal Spectral Medical Imaging28 Aug 2026
- 2026Triangular Consistency as a Universal Constraint for Learning Optical Flow18 Jun 2026
- 2026Mitigating Content Shift and Hallucination in GenAI Image Editing via Structural Refinement28 May 2026
- 2026Motion-guided sparse correction enables expert-quality point tracking across diverse microscopy regimes28 May 2026
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flow30 Mar 2026
- 2026SRFlow: A Dataset and Regularization Model for High-Resolution Facial Optical Flow via Splatting Rasterization10 Jan 2026
- 2025IE-Critic-R1: Advancing the Explanatory Measurement of Text-Driven Image Editing for Human Perception Alignment22 Nov 2025
- 2025VelocityNet: Real-Time Crowd Anomaly Detection via Person-Specific Velocity Analysis21 Oct 2025
- 2025MatchAttention: Embedding Explicit Matching Constraints into Attention for Efficient Stereo Matching16 Oct 2025
- 2025Flow4Agent: Long-form Video Understanding via Motion Prior from Optical Flow7 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Efficient Meshflow and Optical Flow from Event Cameras5 Oct 2025
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Bases5 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Models11 Jul 2025
- 2025M2DAO-Talker: Harmonizing Multi-granular Motion Decoupling and Alternating Optimization for Talking-head Generation11 Jul 2025
- 2025PriOr-Flow: Enhancing Primitive Panoramic Optical Flow with Orthogonal View30 Jun 2025
- 2025WAFT: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Optical Flow26 Jun 2025
- 2025Flow-Anything: Learning Real-World Optical Flow Estimation from Large-Scale Single-view Images9 Jun 2025
- 2025Efficient All-Pairs Correlation Volume Sampling for Optical Flow Estimation22 May 2025
- 2025H-MoRe: Learning Human-centric Motion Representation for Action Analysis14 Apr 2025
- 2025Perturbed State Space Feature Encoders for Optical Flow with Event Cameras14 Apr 2025
- 2025VideoGen-Eval: Agent-based System for Video Generation Evaluation30 Mar 2025
- 2025DPFlow: Adaptive Optical Flow Estimation with a Dual-Pyramid Framework19 Mar 2025
- 2025Online Dense Point Tracking with Streaming Memory9 Mar 2025
- 2025BAT: Learning Event-based Optical Flow with Bidirectional Adaptive Temporal Correlation5 Mar 2025
- 2024GG-SSMs: Graph-Generating State Space Models17 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Dependable Optical Flow: Benchmarks for Real-World Spatiotemporal Corruptions22 Nov 2024
- 2024LayeredFlow: A Real-World Benchmark for Non-Lambertian Multi-Layer Optical Flow9 Sep 2024
- 2024FacialFlowNet: Advancing Facial Optical Flow Estimation with a Diverse Dataset and a Decomposed Model9 Sep 2024
- 2024NeuFlow v2: Push High-Efficiency Optical Flow To the Limit19 Aug 2024
- 2024ProMotion: Prototypes As Motion Learners7 Jun 2024
- 2024SEA-RAFT: Simple, Efficient, Accurate RAFT for Optical Flow23 May 2024
- 2024MemFlow: Optical Flow Estimation and Prediction with Memory7 Apr 2024
- 2024Trustworthy Self-Attention: Enabling the Network to Focus Only on the Most Relevant References1 Mar 2024
- 2023Memory-Efficient Optical Flow via Radius-Distribution Orthogonal Cost Volume6 Dec 2023
- 2023Open-DDVM: A Reproduction and Extension of Diffusion Model for Optical Flow Estimation4 Dec 2023
- 2023StreamFlow: Streamlined Multi-Frame Optical Flow Estimation for Video Sequences28 Nov 2023
- 2023Dual-Stream Attention Transformers for Sewer Defect Classification7 Nov 2023
- 2023CCMR: High Resolution Optical Flow Estimation via Coarse-to-Fine Context-Guided Motion Reasoning5 Nov 2023
- 2023Mask Propagation for Efficient Video Semantic Segmentation29 Oct 2023
- 2023Win-Win: Training High-Resolution Vision Transformers from Two Windows1 Oct 2023
- 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flow28 Sep 2023
- 2023MVFlow: Deep Optical Flow Estimation of Compressed Videos with Motion Vector Prior3 Aug 2023
- 2023SAMFlow: Eliminating Any Fragmentation in Optical Flow with Segment Anything Model31 Jul 2023
- 2023CoTracker: It is Better to Track Together14 Jul 2023
- 2023FlowFormer: A Transformer Architecture and Its Masked Cost Volume Autoencoding for Optical Flow8 Jun 2023
- 2023Context-PIPs: Persistent Independent Particles Demands Spatial Context Features3 Jun 2023
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimation2 Jun 2023
- 2023Searching a Compact Architecture for Robust Multi-Exposure Image Fusion20 May 2023
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Tasks2 Apr 2023
- 2023AnyFlow: Arbitrary Scale Optical Flow with Implicit Neural Representation29 Mar 2023
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2023CoTracker: It is Better to Track Togethercited by 522
- 2024SEA-RAFT: Simple, Efficient, Accurate RAFT for Optical Flowcited by 174
- 2022CroCo v2: Improved Cross-view Completion Pre-training for Stereo Matching and Optical Flowcited by 166
- 2023FlowFormer++: Masked Cost Volume Autoencoding for Pretraining Optical Flow Estimationcited by 114
- 2023VideoFlow: Exploiting Temporal Cues for Multi-frame Optical Flow Estimationcited by 82
- 2022A Simple Baseline for Video Restoration with Grouped Spatial-temporal Shiftcited by 68
- 2024MemFlow: Optical Flow Estimation and Prediction with Memorycited by 55
- 2025WAFT: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 34
- 2023Rethinking Optical Flow from Geometric Matching Consistent Perspectivecited by 33
- 2025DPFlow: Adaptive Optical Flow Estimation with a Dual-Pyramid Frameworkcited by 30
- 2023Learning Optical Flow from Event Camera with Rendered Datasetcited by 26
- 2023Mask Propagation for Efficient Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 26
12 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)
- 2026Cross-Spectral Dense Correspondence for Multimodal Spectral Medical Imaging28 Aug 2026
- 2026Triangular Consistency as a Universal Constraint for Learning Optical Flow18 Jun 2026
- 2026Mitigating Content Shift and Hallucination in GenAI Image Editing via Structural Refinement28 May 2026
- 2026Motion-guided sparse correction enables expert-quality point tracking across diverse microscopy regimes28 May 2026
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flow30 Mar 2026
- 2026SRFlow: A Dataset and Regularization Model for High-Resolution Facial Optical Flow via Splatting Rasterization10 Jan 2026
- 2025IE-Critic-R1: Advancing the Explanatory Measurement of Text-Driven Image Editing for Human Perception Alignment22 Nov 2025
- 2025VelocityNet: Real-Time Crowd Anomaly Detection via Person-Specific Velocity Analysis21 Oct 2025
- 2025MatchAttention: Embedding Explicit Matching Constraints into Attention for Efficient Stereo Matching16 Oct 2025
- 2025Flow4Agent: Long-form Video Understanding via Motion Prior from Optical Flow7 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Efficient Meshflow and Optical Flow from Event Cameras5 Oct 2025
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Bases5 Sep 2025
12 newest of 53 All 53 (JSON)