mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ContentVec: An Improved Self-Supervised Speech Representation by Disentangling Speakers

arXiv 2204.09224 ↗First posted 20 Apr 2022cs.SD cs.AI eess.AScited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

Self-supervised learning in speech involves training a speech representation network on a large-scale unannotated speech corpus, and then applying the learned representations to downstream tasks. Since the majority of the downstream tasks of SSL learning in speech largely focus on the content information in speech, the most desirable speech representations should be able to disentangle unwanted variations, such as speaker variations, from the content. However, disentangling speakers is very challenging, because removing the speaker information could easily result in a loss of content as well, and the damage of the latter usually far outweighs the benefit of the former. In this paper, we propose a new SSL method that can achieve speaker disentanglement without severe loss of content. Our approach is adapted from the HuBERT framework, and incorporates disentangling mechanisms to regularize both the teacher labels and the learned representations. We evaluate the benefit of speaker disentanglement on a set of content-related downstream tasks, and observe a consistent and notable performance advantage of our speaker-disentangled representations.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2022.

Builds on

40 of 53 references.

References · 40

  1. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  2. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
  3. 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
  4. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
  5. 2021HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Unitscited by 2,301
  6. 2019fairseq: A Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modelingcited by 1,486
  7. 2020HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 1,139
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  9. 2021SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 652
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  11. 2021W2v-BERT: Combining Contrastive Learning and Masked Language Modeling for Self-Supervised Speech Pre-Trainingcited by 340
  12. 2021Generative Spoken Language Modeling from Raw Audiocited by 336
28 more
  1. 2019vq-wav2vec: Self-Supervised Learning of Discrete Speech Representationscited by 335
  2. 2017Generalized End-to-End Loss for Speaker Verificationcited by 290
  3. 2021Speech Resynthesis from Discrete Disentangled Self-Supervised Representationscited by 243
  4. 2019Mockingjay: Unsupervised Speech Representation Learning with Deep Bidirectional Transformer Encoderscited by 196
  5. 2019AUTOVC: Zero-Shot Voice Style Transfer with Only Autoencoder Losscited by 189
  6. 2020TERA: Self-Supervised Learning of Transformer Encoder Representation for Speechcited by 186
  7. 2019An Unsupervised Autoregressive Model for Speech Representation Learningcited by 185
  8. 2020Pushing the Limits of Semi-Supervised Learning for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 185
  9. 2020Multi-task self-supervised learning for Robust Speech Recognitioncited by 127
  10. 2019Learning Problem-agnostic Speech Representations from Multiple Self-supervised Taskscited by 87
  11. 2020Unsupervised Speech Decomposition via Triple Information Bottleneckcited by 87
  12. 2019One-shot Voice Conversion by Separating Speaker and Content Representations with Instance Normalizationcited by 82
  13. 2019Generative Pre-Training for Speech with Autoregressive Predictive Codingcited by 82
  14. 2021Neural Analysis and Synthesis: Reconstructing Speech from Self-Supervised Representationscited by 81
  15. 2018StarGAN-VC: Non-parallel many-to-many voice conversion with star generative adversarial networkscited by 78
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  17. 2021Performance-Efficiency Trade-offs in Unsupervised Pre-training for Speech Recognitioncited by 68
  18. 2020Data Augmenting Contrastive Learning of Speech Representations in the Time Domaincited by 63
  19. 2015End-to-End Text-Dependent Speaker Verificationcited by 49
  20. 2021The Zero Resource Speech Challenge 2021: Spoken language modellingcited by 47
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  22. 2019CycleGAN-VC2: Improved CycleGAN-based Non-parallel Voice Conversioncited by 45
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  24. 2020Unsupervised Pre-training of Bidirectional Speech Encoders via Masked Reconstructioncited by 38
  25. 2019StarGAN-VC2: Rethinking Conditional Methods for StarGAN-Based Voice Conversioncited by 37
  26. 2020F0-consistent many-to-many non-parallel voice conversion via conditional autoencodercited by 35
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 17; 2024: 28; 2025: 11; 2026: 11.

73 papers.

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  1. 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 258
  2. 2025Recent Advances in Discrete Speech Tokens: A Reviewcited by 42
  3. 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 39
  4. 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
  5. 2022Self-supervised language learning from raw audio: Lessons from the Zero Resource Speech Challengecited by 34
  6. 2023DinoSR: Self-Distillation and Online Clustering for Self-supervised Speech Representation Learningcited by 34
  7. 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
  8. 2023Self-supervised Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representations by Speaker-invariant Clusteringcited by 21
  9. 2023What Can an Accent Identifier Learn? Probing Phonetic and Prosodic Information in a Wav2vec2-based Accent Identification Modelcited by 18
  10. 2022Augmentation Invariant Discrete Representation for Generative Spoken Language Modelingcited by 17
  11. 2024YOLO-Stutter: End-to-end Region-Wise Speech Dysfluency Detectioncited by 16
  12. 2024SSDM: Scalable Speech Dysfluency Modelingcited by 13
38 more
  1. 2023FSD: An Initial Chinese Dataset for Fake Song Detectioncited by 12
  2. 2022CCC-wav2vec 2.0: Clustering aided Cross Contrastive Self-supervised learning of speech representationscited by 11
  3. 2024CoMoSVC: Consistency Model-based Singing Voice Conversioncited by 11
  4. 2023Disentangling Voice and Content with Self-Supervision for Speaker Recognitioncited by 10
  5. 2023HiddenSinger: High-Quality Singing Voice Synthesis via Neural Audio Codec and Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 9
  6. 2024Privacy versus Emotion Preservation Trade-offs in Emotion-Preserving Speaker Anonymizationcited by 9
  7. 2024LAST: Language Model Aware Speech Tokenizationcited by 9
  8. 2024Estimating the Completeness of Discrete Speech Unitscited by 9
  9. 2024DurFlex-EVC: Duration-Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion Leveraging Discrete Representations without Text Alignmentcited by 8
  10. 2024Stutter-Solver: End-to-end Multi-lingual Dysfluency Detectioncited by 8
  11. 2025GenVC: Self-Supervised Zero-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 8
  12. 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymizationcited by 8
  13. 2024LSCodec: Low-Bitrate and Speaker-Decoupled Discrete Speech Codeccited by 7
  14. 2024vec2wav 2.0: Advancing Voice Conversion via Discrete Token Vocoderscited by 6
  15. 2025SpidR: Learning Fast and Stable Linguistic Units for Spoken Language Models Without Supervisioncited by 6
  16. 2023SelfVC: Voice Conversion With Iterative Refinement using Self Transformationscited by 5
  17. 2023Self-Supervised Disentangled Representation Learning for Robust Target Speech Extractioncited by 5
  18. 2024SaMoye: Zero-shot Singing Voice Conversion Model Based on Feature Disentanglement and Enhancementcited by 5
  19. 2025UniWav: Towards Unified Pre-training for Speech Representation Learning and Generationcited by 5
  20. 2025Discl-VC: Disentangled Discrete Tokens and In-Context Learning for Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 5
  21. 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimationcited by 4
  22. 2024Self-Supervised Syllable Discovery Based on Speaker-Disentangled HuBERTcited by 4
  23. 2024Description-based Controllable Text-to-Speech with Cross-Lingual Voice Controlcited by 4
  24. 2022Introducing Semantics into Speech Encoderscited by 3
  25. 2023Self-supervised Neural Factor Analysis for Disentangling Utterance-level Speech Representationscited by 3
  26. 2023SLMGAN: Exploiting Speech Language Model Representations for Unsupervised Zero-Shot Voice Conversion in GANscited by 3
  27. 2023Low-latency Real-time Voice Conversion on CPUcited by 3
  28. 2024SCORE: Self-supervised Correspondence Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representationscited by 3
  29. 2024SPA-SVC: Self-supervised Pitch Augmentation for Singing Voice Conversioncited by 3
  30. 2024ELP-Adapters: Parameter Efficient Adapter Tuning for Various Speech Processing Taskscited by 3
  31. 2025Eta-WavLM: Efficient Speaker Identity Removal in Self-Supervised Speech Representations Using a Simple Linear Equationcited by 3
  32. 2022More Speaking or More Speakers?cited by 2
  33. 2023A Comparative Study of Voice Conversion Models with Large-Scale Speech and Singing Data: The T13 Systems for the Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 2
  34. 2023Frame-level emotional state alignment method for speech emotion recognitioncited by 2
  35. 2024SingVisio: Visual Analytics of Diffusion Model for Singing Voice Conversioncited by 2
  36. 2024LASER: Learning by Aligning Self-supervised Representations of Speech for Improving Content-related Taskscited by 2
  37. 2024Self-Supervised Embeddings for Detecting Individual Symptoms of Depressioncited by 2
  38. 2024MulliVC: Multi-lingual Voice Conversion With Cycle Consistencycited by 2

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