ContentVec: An Improved Self-Supervised Speech Representation by Disentangling Speakers
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Abstract (arXiv)
Self-supervised learning in speech involves training a speech representation network on a large-scale unannotated speech corpus, and then applying the learned representations to downstream tasks. Since the majority of the downstream tasks of SSL learning in speech largely focus on the content information in speech, the most desirable speech representations should be able to disentangle unwanted variations, such as speaker variations, from the content. However, disentangling speakers is very challenging, because removing the speaker information could easily result in a loss of content as well, and the damage of the latter usually far outweighs the benefit of the former. In this paper, we propose a new SSL method that can achieve speaker disentanglement without severe loss of content. Our approach is adapted from the HuBERT framework, and incorporates disentangling mechanisms to regularize both the teacher labels and the learned representations. We evaluate the benefit of speaker disentanglement on a set of content-related downstream tasks, and observe a consistent and notable performance advantage of our speaker-disentangled representations.
Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2022.
Builds on
40 of 53 references.
References · 40
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- 2021Generative Spoken Language Modeling from Raw Audiocited by 336
28 more
- 2019vq-wav2vec: Self-Supervised Learning of Discrete Speech Representationscited by 335
- 2017Generalized End-to-End Loss for Speaker Verificationcited by 290
- 2021Speech Resynthesis from Discrete Disentangled Self-Supervised Representationscited by 243
- 2019Mockingjay: Unsupervised Speech Representation Learning with Deep Bidirectional Transformer Encoderscited by 196
- 2019AUTOVC: Zero-Shot Voice Style Transfer with Only Autoencoder Losscited by 189
- 2020TERA: Self-Supervised Learning of Transformer Encoder Representation for Speechcited by 186
- 2019An Unsupervised Autoregressive Model for Speech Representation Learningcited by 185
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- 2020Multi-task self-supervised learning for Robust Speech Recognitioncited by 127
- 2019Learning Problem-agnostic Speech Representations from Multiple Self-supervised Taskscited by 87
- 2020Unsupervised Speech Decomposition via Triple Information Bottleneckcited by 87
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- 2021Neural Analysis and Synthesis: Reconstructing Speech from Self-Supervised Representationscited by 81
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- 2021The Zero Resource Speech Challenge 2021: Spoken language modellingcited by 47
- 2016Voice Conversion from Non-parallel Corpora Using Variational Auto-encodercited by 45
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- 2020Unsupervised Pre-training of Bidirectional Speech Encoders via Masked Reconstructioncited by 38
- 2019StarGAN-VC2: Rethinking Conditional Methods for StarGAN-Based Voice Conversioncited by 37
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 17; 2024: 28; 2025: 11; 2026: 11.
73 papers.
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- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 258
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- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 39
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
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- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
- 2023Self-supervised Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representations by Speaker-invariant Clusteringcited by 21
- 2023What Can an Accent Identifier Learn? Probing Phonetic and Prosodic Information in a Wav2vec2-based Accent Identification Modelcited by 18
- 2022Augmentation Invariant Discrete Representation for Generative Spoken Language Modelingcited by 17
- 2024YOLO-Stutter: End-to-end Region-Wise Speech Dysfluency Detectioncited by 16
- 2024SSDM: Scalable Speech Dysfluency Modelingcited by 13
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- 2023HiddenSinger: High-Quality Singing Voice Synthesis via Neural Audio Codec and Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 9
- 2024Privacy versus Emotion Preservation Trade-offs in Emotion-Preserving Speaker Anonymizationcited by 9
- 2024LAST: Language Model Aware Speech Tokenizationcited by 9
- 2024Estimating the Completeness of Discrete Speech Unitscited by 9
- 2024DurFlex-EVC: Duration-Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion Leveraging Discrete Representations without Text Alignmentcited by 8
- 2024Stutter-Solver: End-to-end Multi-lingual Dysfluency Detectioncited by 8
- 2025GenVC: Self-Supervised Zero-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 8
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymizationcited by 8
- 2024LSCodec: Low-Bitrate and Speaker-Decoupled Discrete Speech Codeccited by 7
- 2024vec2wav 2.0: Advancing Voice Conversion via Discrete Token Vocoderscited by 6
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- 2023SelfVC: Voice Conversion With Iterative Refinement using Self Transformationscited by 5
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- 2024SaMoye: Zero-shot Singing Voice Conversion Model Based on Feature Disentanglement and Enhancementcited by 5
- 2025UniWav: Towards Unified Pre-training for Speech Representation Learning and Generationcited by 5
- 2025Discl-VC: Disentangled Discrete Tokens and In-Context Learning for Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 5
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimationcited by 4
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- 2022Introducing Semantics into Speech Encoderscited by 3
- 2023Self-supervised Neural Factor Analysis for Disentangling Utterance-level Speech Representationscited by 3
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- 2024ELP-Adapters: Parameter Efficient Adapter Tuning for Various Speech Processing Taskscited by 3
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50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
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- 2026GRAFT: Grafted Reference Audio for Fine-grained Pronunciation in Zero-shot Text-to-Speech2 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning task-specific subspaces via interventional post-training of speech foundation models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Dual-Granularity Orthogonal Disentanglement for Generalizable Audio Deepfake Detection15 Jun 2026
- 2026Controllable Singing Style Conversion with Boundary-Aware Information Bottleneck7 Apr 2026
- 2026StyleStream: Real-Time Zero-Shot Voice Style Conversion23 Feb 2026
- 2026Frontend Token Enhancement for Token-Based Speech Recognition4 Feb 2026
- 2026Sylber 2.0: A Universal Syllable Embedding29 Jan 2026
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymization17 Jan 2026
- 2025SpidR: Learning Fast and Stable Linguistic Units for Spoken Language Models Without Supervision23 Dec 2025
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- 2025HQ-SVC: Towards High-Quality Zero-Shot Singing Voice Conversion in Low-Resource Scenarios11 Nov 2025
- 2025MixedG2P-T5: G2P-free Speech Synthesis for Mixed-script texts using Speech Self-Supervised Learning and Language Model1 Sep 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Prosody Encoding in Discrete Speech Tokens15 Aug 2025
- 2025DAFMSVC: One-Shot Singing Voice Conversion with Dual Attention Mechanism and Flow Matching8 Aug 2025
- 2025Discl-VC: Disentangled Discrete Tokens and In-Context Learning for Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversion30 May 2025
- 2025Eta-WavLM: Efficient Speaker Identity Removal in Self-Supervised Speech Representations Using a Simple Linear Equation25 May 2025
- 2025kNN-SVC: Robust Zero-Shot Singing Voice Conversion with Additive Synthesis and Concatenation Smoothness Optimization8 Apr 2025
- 2025UniWav: Towards Unified Pre-training for Speech Representation Learning and Generation2 Mar 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Discrete Speech Tokens: A Review10 Feb 2025
- 2025GenVC: Self-Supervised Zero-Shot Voice Conversion6 Feb 2025
- 2024Analytic Study of Text-Free Speech Synthesis for Raw Audio using a Self-Supervised Learning Model4 Dec 2024
- 2024LSCodec: Low-Bitrate and Speaker-Decoupled Discrete Speech Codec21 Oct 2024
- 2024JOOCI: a Framework for Learning Comprehensive Speech Representations14 Oct 2024
- 2024Description-based Controllable Text-to-Speech with Cross-Lingual Voice Control26 Sep 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Syllable Discovery Based on Speaker-Disentangled HuBERT16 Sep 2024
- 2024Stutter-Solver: End-to-end Multi-lingual Dysfluency Detection15 Sep 2024
- 2024Estimating the Completeness of Discrete Speech Units9 Sep 2024
- 2024LAST: Language Model Aware Speech Tokenization5 Sep 2024
- 2024Privacy versus Emotion Preservation Trade-offs in Emotion-Preserving Speaker Anonymization5 Sep 2024
- 2024vec2wav 2.0: Advancing Voice Conversion via Discrete Token Vocoders3 Sep 2024
- 2024SSDM: Scalable Speech Dysfluency Modeling29 Aug 2024
- 2024YOLO-Stutter: End-to-end Region-Wise Speech Dysfluency Detection27 Aug 2024
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimation19 Aug 2024
- 2024MulliVC: Multi-lingual Voice Conversion With Cycle Consistency8 Aug 2024
- 2024ELP-Adapters: Parameter Efficient Adapter Tuning for Various Speech Processing Tasks28 Jul 2024
- 2024SaMoye: Zero-shot Singing Voice Conversion Model Based on Feature Disentanglement and Enhancement10 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards the Next Frontier in Speech Representation Learning Using Disentanglement2 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Embeddings for Detecting Individual Symptoms of Depression25 Jun 2024
- 2024Song Data Cleansing for End-to-End Neural Singer Diarization Using Neural Analysis and Synthesis Framework24 Jun 2024
- 2024LASER: Learning by Aligning Self-supervised Representations of Speech for Improving Content-related Tasks13 Jun 2024
- 2024SPA-SVC: Self-supervised Pitch Augmentation for Singing Voice Conversion9 Jun 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Models15 Apr 2024
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plan3 Apr 2024
- 2024Removing Speaker Information from Speech Representation using Variable-Length Soft Pooling1 Apr 2024
- 2024SCORE: Self-supervised Correspondence Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representations10 Mar 2024
- 2024SingVisio: Visual Analytics of Diffusion Model for Singing Voice Conversion20 Feb 2024
- 2024DurFlex-EVC: Duration-Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion Leveraging Discrete Representations without Text Alignment16 Jan 2024
- 2024CoMoSVC: Consistency Model-based Singing Voice Conversion3 Jan 2024
50 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 258
- 2025Recent Advances in Discrete Speech Tokens: A Reviewcited by 42
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 39
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
- 2022Self-supervised language learning from raw audio: Lessons from the Zero Resource Speech Challengecited by 34
- 2023DinoSR: Self-Distillation and Online Clustering for Self-supervised Speech Representation Learningcited by 34
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
- 2023Self-supervised Fine-tuning for Improved Content Representations by Speaker-invariant Clusteringcited by 21
- 2023What Can an Accent Identifier Learn? Probing Phonetic and Prosodic Information in a Wav2vec2-based Accent Identification Modelcited by 18
- 2022Augmentation Invariant Discrete Representation for Generative Spoken Language Modelingcited by 17
- 2024YOLO-Stutter: End-to-end Region-Wise Speech Dysfluency Detectioncited by 16
- 2024SSDM: Scalable Speech Dysfluency Modelingcited by 13
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026GLAD: Global-Local Adaptive Detector for Robust Speech Deepfake Detection28 Sep 2026
- 2026A Comprehensive Study of Content Representations for Speech Synthesis25 Sep 2026
- 2026Content is What Remains: Invariant Speech Tokenization from Parallel Utterances21 Jul 2026
- 2026GRAFT: Grafted Reference Audio for Fine-grained Pronunciation in Zero-shot Text-to-Speech2 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning task-specific subspaces via interventional post-training of speech foundation models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Dual-Granularity Orthogonal Disentanglement for Generalizable Audio Deepfake Detection15 Jun 2026
- 2026Controllable Singing Style Conversion with Boundary-Aware Information Bottleneck7 Apr 2026
- 2026StyleStream: Real-Time Zero-Shot Voice Style Conversion23 Feb 2026
- 2026Frontend Token Enhancement for Token-Based Speech Recognition4 Feb 2026
- 2026Sylber 2.0: A Universal Syllable Embedding29 Jan 2026
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymization17 Jan 2026
- 2025SpidR: Learning Fast and Stable Linguistic Units for Spoken Language Models Without Supervision23 Dec 2025
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)