Voice Conversion from Non-parallel Corpora Using Variational Auto-encoder
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a flexible framework for spectral conversion (SC) that facilitates training with unaligned corpora. Many SC frameworks require parallel corpora, phonetic alignments, or explicit frame-wise correspondence for learning conversion functions or for synthesizing a target spectrum with the aid of alignments. However, these requirements gravely limit the scope of practical applications of SC due to scarcity or even unavailability of parallel corpora. We propose an SC framework based on variational auto-encoder which enables us to exploit non-parallel corpora. The framework comprises an encoder that learns speaker-independent phonetic representations and a decoder that learns to reconstruct the designated speaker. It removes the requirement of parallel corpora or phonetic alignments to train a spectral conversion system. We report objective and subjective evaluations to validate our proposed method and compare it to SC methods that have access to aligned corpora.
Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 19; 2022: 9; 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 4.
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- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 115
- 2022ContentVec: An Improved Self-Supervised Speech Representation by Disentangling Speakerscited by 74
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 40
- 2022An Overview of Affective Speech Synthesis and Conversion in the Deep Learning Eracited by 33
- 2022SpeechSplit 2.0: Unsupervised speech disentanglement for voice conversion Without tuning autoencoder Bottleneckscited by 28
- 2023SEF-VC: Speaker Embedding Free Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Cross Attentioncited by 19
- 2021MaskCycleGAN-VC: Learning Non-parallel Voice Conversion with Filling in Framescited by 18
- 2021Adversarially learning disentangled speech representations for robust multi-factor voice conversioncited by 14
- 2021NVC-Net: End-to-End Adversarial Voice Conversioncited by 9
- 2022A Comparative Study of Self-supervised Speech Representation Based Voice Conversioncited by 9
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2021Many-to-Many Voice Conversion based Feature Disentanglement using Variational Autoencodercited by 7
33 more
- 2021An Improved StarGAN for Emotional Voice Conversion: Enhancing Voice Quality and Data Augmentationcited by 7
- 2021Training Robust Zero-Shot Voice Conversion Models with Self-supervised Featurescited by 7
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillationcited by 7
- 2021A Preliminary Study of a Two-Stage Paradigm for Preserving Speaker Identity in Dysarthric Voice Conversioncited by 6
- 2021Global Rhythm Style Transfer Without Text Transcriptionscited by 6
- 2023Towards General-Purpose Text-Instruction-Guided Voice Conversioncited by 6
- 2024TrustEMG-Net: Using Representation-Masking Transformer with U-Net for Surface Electromyography Enhancementcited by 6
- 2021Learning robust speech representation with an articulatory-regularized variational autoencodercited by 4
- 2021A learned conditional prior for the VAE acoustic space of a TTS systemcited by 4
- 2021SVSNet: An End-to-end Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Modelcited by 4
- 2022TGAVC: Improving Autoencoder Voice Conversion with Text-Guided and Adversarial Trainingcited by 4
- 2023Catch You and I Can: Revealing Source Voiceprint Against Voice Conversioncited by 4
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimationcited by 4
- 2021Conditional Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder for Voice Conversioncited by 2
- 2022Learning and controlling the source-filter representation of speech with a variational autoencodercited by 2
- 2022Non-Parallel Voice Conversion for ASR Augmentationcited by 2
- 2023AlignSTS: Speech-to-Singing Conversion via Cross-Modal Alignmentcited by 2
- 2023Zero-shot personalized lip-to-speech synthesis with face image based voice controlcited by 2
- 2024Asynchronous Voice Anonymization Using Adversarial Perturbation On Speaker Embeddingcited by 2
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillationcited by 2
- 2025LatentVoiceGrad: Nonparallel Voice Conversion with Latent Diffusion/Flow-Matching Modelscited by 2
- 2021Low-Latency Real-Time Non-Parallel Voice Conversion based on Cyclic Variational Autoencoder and Multiband WaveRNN with Data-Driven Linear Predictioncited by 1
- 2021StarGAN-VC+ASR: StarGAN-based Non-Parallel Voice Conversion Regularized by Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 1
- 2021DeepA: A Deep Neural Analyzer For Speech And Singing Vocodingcited by 1
- 2022Boosting Star-GANs for Voice Conversion with Contrastive Discriminatorcited by 1
- 2025Rhythm Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Shortcut Flow Matchingcited by 1
- 2019MoEVC: A Mixture-of-experts Voice Conversion System with Sparse Gating Mechanism for Accelerating Online Computationcited by 0
- 2021Preliminary study on using vector quantization latent spaces for TTS/VC systems with consistent performancecited by 0
- 2021Beyond Voice Identity Conversion: Manipulating Voice Attributes by Adversarial Learning of Structured Disentangled Representationscited by 0
- 2021CycleFlow: Purify Information Factors by Cycle Losscited by 0
- 2022MetaSpeech: Speech Effects Switch Along with Environment for Metaversecited by 0
- 2024Improving speaker verification robustness with synthetic emotional utterancescited by 0
- 2025Voice Conversion with Diverse Intonation using Conditional Variational Auto-Encodercited by 0
- 2025LatentVoiceGrad: Nonparallel Voice Conversion with Latent Diffusion/Flow-Matching Models10 Sep 2025
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillation25 Aug 2025
- 2025Rhythm Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Shortcut Flow Matching1 Jun 2025
- 2025Voice Conversion with Diverse Intonation using Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder16 Apr 2025
- 2024Improving speaker verification robustness with synthetic emotional utterances30 Nov 2024
- 2024TrustEMG-Net: Using Representation-Masking Transformer with U-Net for Surface Electromyography Enhancement4 Oct 2024
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillation3 Sep 2024
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimation19 Aug 2024
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detection26 Jul 2024
- 2024Asynchronous Voice Anonymization Using Adversarial Perturbation On Speaker Embedding12 Jun 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Models15 Apr 2024
- 2023SEF-VC: Speaker Embedding Free Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Cross Attention14 Dec 2023
33 more
- 2023Towards General-Purpose Text-Instruction-Guided Voice Conversion25 Sep 2023
- 2023Zero-shot personalized lip-to-speech synthesis with face image based voice control9 May 2023
- 2023AlignSTS: Speech-to-Singing Conversion via Cross-Modal Alignment8 May 2023
- 2023Catch You and I Can: Revealing Source Voiceprint Against Voice Conversion24 Feb 2023
- 2022MetaSpeech: Speech Effects Switch Along with Environment for Metaverse25 Oct 2022
- 2022An Overview of Affective Speech Synthesis and Conversion in the Deep Learning Era6 Oct 2022
- 2022Boosting Star-GANs for Voice Conversion with Contrastive Discriminator21 Sep 2022
- 2022Non-Parallel Voice Conversion for ASR Augmentation15 Sep 2022
- 2022TGAVC: Improving Autoencoder Voice Conversion with Text-Guided and Adversarial Training8 Aug 2022
- 2022A Comparative Study of Self-supervised Speech Representation Based Voice Conversion10 Jul 2022
- 2022ContentVec: An Improved Self-Supervised Speech Representation by Disentangling Speakers20 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning and controlling the source-filter representation of speech with a variational autoencoder14 Apr 2022
- 2022SpeechSplit 2.0: Unsupervised speech disentanglement for voice conversion Without tuning autoencoder Bottlenecks26 Mar 2022
- 2021Training Robust Zero-Shot Voice Conversion Models with Self-supervised Features8 Dec 2021
- 2021Conditional Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder for Voice Conversion6 Dec 2021
- 2021CycleFlow: Purify Information Factors by Cycle Loss18 Oct 2021
- 2021DeepA: A Deep Neural Analyzer For Speech And Singing Vocoding13 Oct 2021
- 2021StarGAN-VC+ASR: StarGAN-based Non-Parallel Voice Conversion Regularized by Automatic Speech Recognition10 Aug 2021
- 2021Beyond Voice Identity Conversion: Manipulating Voice Attributes by Adversarial Learning of Structured Disentangled Representations26 Jul 2021
- 2021SVSNet: An End-to-end Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Model20 Jul 2021
- 2021An Improved StarGAN for Emotional Voice Conversion: Enhancing Voice Quality and Data Augmentation18 Jul 2021
- 2021Many-to-Many Voice Conversion based Feature Disentanglement using Variational Autoencoder11 Jul 2021
- 2021Preliminary study on using vector quantization latent spaces for TTS/VC systems with consistent performance25 Jun 2021
- 2021Global Rhythm Style Transfer Without Text Transcriptions16 Jun 2021
- 2021A learned conditional prior for the VAE acoustic space of a TTS system14 Jun 2021
- 2021A Preliminary Study of a Two-Stage Paradigm for Preserving Speaker Identity in Dysarthric Voice Conversion2 Jun 2021
- 2021NVC-Net: End-to-End Adversarial Voice Conversion2 Jun 2021
- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESD31 May 2021
- 2021Low-Latency Real-Time Non-Parallel Voice Conversion based on Cyclic Variational Autoencoder and Multiband WaveRNN with Data-Driven Linear Prediction20 May 2021
- 2021Learning robust speech representation with an articulatory-regularized variational autoencoder7 Apr 2021
- 2021MaskCycleGAN-VC: Learning Non-parallel Voice Conversion with Filling in Frames25 Feb 2021
- 2021Adversarially learning disentangled speech representations for robust multi-factor voice conversion30 Jan 2021
- 2019MoEVC: A Mixture-of-experts Voice Conversion System with Sparse Gating Mechanism for Accelerating Online Computation27 Dec 2019
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillationcited by 7
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillationcited by 2
- 2025LatentVoiceGrad: Nonparallel Voice Conversion with Latent Diffusion/Flow-Matching Modelscited by 2
- 2025Rhythm Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Shortcut Flow Matchingcited by 1
- 2025LatentVoiceGrad: Nonparallel Voice Conversion with Latent Diffusion/Flow-Matching Models10 Sep 2025
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillation25 Aug 2025
- 2025Rhythm Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Shortcut Flow Matching1 Jun 2025
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillation3 Sep 2024
- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 115
- 2022ContentVec: An Improved Self-Supervised Speech Representation by Disentangling Speakerscited by 74
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 40
- 2022An Overview of Affective Speech Synthesis and Conversion in the Deep Learning Eracited by 33
- 2022SpeechSplit 2.0: Unsupervised speech disentanglement for voice conversion Without tuning autoencoder Bottleneckscited by 28
- 2023SEF-VC: Speaker Embedding Free Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Cross Attentioncited by 19
- 2021MaskCycleGAN-VC: Learning Non-parallel Voice Conversion with Filling in Framescited by 18
- 2021Adversarially learning disentangled speech representations for robust multi-factor voice conversioncited by 14
- 2021NVC-Net: End-to-End Adversarial Voice Conversioncited by 9
- 2022A Comparative Study of Self-supervised Speech Representation Based Voice Conversioncited by 9
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2021Many-to-Many Voice Conversion based Feature Disentanglement using Variational Autoencodercited by 7
12 most cited of 40 All 40 (JSON)
- 2025Voice Conversion with Diverse Intonation using Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder16 Apr 2025
- 2024Improving speaker verification robustness with synthetic emotional utterances30 Nov 2024
- 2024TrustEMG-Net: Using Representation-Masking Transformer with U-Net for Surface Electromyography Enhancement4 Oct 2024
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimation19 Aug 2024
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detection26 Jul 2024
- 2024Asynchronous Voice Anonymization Using Adversarial Perturbation On Speaker Embedding12 Jun 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Models15 Apr 2024
- 2023SEF-VC: Speaker Embedding Free Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Cross Attention14 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards General-Purpose Text-Instruction-Guided Voice Conversion25 Sep 2023
- 2023Zero-shot personalized lip-to-speech synthesis with face image based voice control9 May 2023
- 2023AlignSTS: Speech-to-Singing Conversion via Cross-Modal Alignment8 May 2023
- 2023Catch You and I Can: Revealing Source Voiceprint Against Voice Conversion24 Feb 2023
12 newest of 40 All 40 (JSON)