Class-Incremental Learning with Strong Pre-trained Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Class-incremental learning (CIL) has been widely studied under the setting of starting from a small number of classes (base classes). Instead, we explore an understudied real-world setting of CIL that starts with a strong model pre-trained on a large number of base classes. We hypothesize that a strong base model can provide a good representation for novel classes and incremental learning can be done with small adaptations. We propose a 2-stage training scheme, i) feature augmentation -- cloning part of the backbone and fine-tuning it on the novel data, and ii) fusion -- combining the base and novel classifiers into a unified classifier. Experiments show that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art CIL methods on the large-scale ImageNet dataset (e.g. +10% overall accuracy than the best). We also propose and analyze understudied practical CIL scenarios, such as base-novel overlap with distribution shift. Our proposed method is robust and generalizes to all analyzed CIL settings. Code is available at https://github.com/amazon-research/sp-cil.
Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2022.
Builds on
25 of 37 references.
References · 25
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,718
- 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
- 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
- 2016Progressive Neural Networkscited by 1,332
- 2015Learning Transferable Features with Deep Adaptation Networkscited by 1,323
- 2017Memory Aware Synapses: Learning what (not) to forgetcited by 1,094
- 2017PackNet: Adding Multiple Tasks to a Single Network by Iterative Pruningcited by 882
- 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 727
- 2017Lifelong Learning with Dynamically Expandable Networkscited by 689
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
13 more
- 2017Learning multiple visual domains with residual adapterscited by 553
- 2016Expert Gate: Lifelong Learning with a Network of Expertscited by 369
- 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
- 2019Learn to Grow: A Continual Structure Learning Framework for Overcoming Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 302
- 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
- 2021Rainbow Memory: Continual Learning with a Memory of Diverse Samplescited by 273
- 2020Supermasks in Superpositioncited by 223
- 2019Compacting, Picking and Growing for Unforgetting Continual Learningcited by 207
- 2020SS-IL: Separated Softmax for Incremental Learningcited by 126
- 2020Conditional Channel Gated Networks for Task-Aware Continual Learningcited by 115
- 2019Growing a Brain: Fine-Tuning by Increasing Model Capacitycited by 43
- 2020Solving Long-tailed Recognition with Deep Realistic Taxonomic Classifiercited by 34
- 2019NetTailor: Tuning the Architecture, Not Just the Weightscited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 25; 2024: 17; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
- 2023SLCA: Slow Learner with Classifier Alignment for Continual Learning on a Pre-trained Modelcited by 178
- 2023RanPAC: Random Projections and Pre-trained Models for Continual Learningcited by 162
- 2022A Model or 603 Exemplars: Towards Memory-Efficient Class-Incremental Learningcited by 152
- 2023Computationally Budgeted Continual Learning: What Does Matter?cited by 61
- 2023No One Left Behind: Real-World Federated Class-Incremental Learningcited by 53
- 2024Class-Incremental Learning with CLIP: Adaptive Representation Adjustment and Parameter Fusioncited by 47
- 2023First Session Adaptation: A Strong Replay-Free Baseline for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 46
- 2023Dense Network Expansion for Class Incremental Learningcited by 45
- 2023Weighted Ensemble Models Are Strong Continual Learnerscited by 41
- 2022CLAD: A realistic Continual Learning benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 35
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- 2023A Survey on Continual Semantic Segmentation: Theory, Challenge, Method and Applicationcited by 21
- 2023Long-Tailed Continual Learning For Visual Food Recognitioncited by 20
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- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 16
- 2023Large-scale Pre-trained Models are Surprisingly Strong in Incremental Novel Class Discoverycited by 11
- 2023Rapid Adaptation in Online Continual Learning: Are We Evaluating It Right?cited by 10
- 2024Continual Adapter Tuning with Semantic Shift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 10
- 2024MuseumMaker: Continual Style Customization without Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 10
- 2024SLCA++: Unleash the Power of Sequential Fine-tuning for Continual Learning with Pre-trainingcited by 10
- 2022Learning with Style: Continual Semantic Segmentation Across Tasks and Domainscited by 9
- 2025SPECI: Skill Prompts based Hierarchical Continual Imitation Learning for Robot Manipulationcited by 9
- 2023POP: Prompt Of Prompts for Continual Learningcited by 7
- 2023An Analysis of Initial Training Strategies for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2023Holistic Transfer: Towards Non-Disruptive Fine-Tuning with Partial Target Datacited by 7
- 2024Budgeted Online Continual Learning by Adaptive Layer Freezing and Frequency-based Samplingcited by 7
- 2024An Empirical Analysis of Forgetting in Pre-trained Models with Incremental Low-Rank Updatescited by 6
- 2023Federated Class-Incremental Learning with Promptingcited by 5
- 2024Premonition: Using Generative Models to Preempt Future Data Changes in Continual Learningcited by 5
- 2025CSTA: Spatial-Temporal Causal Adaptive Learning for Exemplar-Free Video Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
- 2022Schedule-Robust Online Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2024Harnessing Neural Unit Dynamics for Effective and Scalable Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2023Remind of the Past: Incremental Learning with Analogical Promptscited by 3
- 2023IF2Net: Innately Forgetting-Free Networks for Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2023FDCNet: Feature Drift Compensation Network for Class-Incremental Weakly Supervised Object Localizationcited by 3
- 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Prior Knowledgecited by 3
- 2026IncreFA: Breaking the Static Wall of Generative Model Attributioncited by 3
- 2024Enhancing Consistency and Mitigating Bias: A Data Replay Approach for Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024Dynamic Feature Learning and Matching for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024Decision Boundary-aware Knowledge Consolidation Generates Better Instance-Incremental Learnercited by 1
- 2024Exploiting Fine-Grained Prototype Distribution for Boosting Unsupervised Class Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2026Provable Effects of Data Replay in Continual Learning: A Feature Learning Perspectivecited by 1
- 2023Complementary Learning Subnetworks for Parameter-Efficient Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
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50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
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- 2026ProTPS: Prototype-Guided Text Prompt Selection for Continual Learning1 Apr 2026
- 2026Compensating Visual Insufficiency with Stratified Language Guidance for Long-Tail Class Incremental Learning23 Mar 2026
- 2026Provable Effects of Data Replay in Continual Learning: A Feature Learning Perspective2 Feb 2026
- 2026RoAD Benchmark: How LiDAR Models Fail under Coupled Domain Shifts and Label Evolution9 Jan 2026
- 2025OpenCML: End-to-End Framework of Open-world Machine Learning to Learn Unknown Classes Incrementally23 Nov 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Video Continual Learning via Non-Parametric Deep Embedded Clustering29 Aug 2025
- 2025Partitioned Memory Storage Inspired Few-Shot Class-Incremental learning29 Apr 2025
- 2025SPECI: Skill Prompts based Hierarchical Continual Imitation Learning for Robot Manipulation22 Apr 2025
- 2025Task-conditioned Ensemble of Expert Models for Continuous Learning11 Apr 2025
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learning23 Mar 2025
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- 2025Unlocking [CLS] Features for Continual Post-Training20 Feb 2025
- 2025CSTA: Spatial-Temporal Causal Adaptive Learning for Exemplar-Free Video Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2025
- 2024Slowing Down Forgetting in Continual Learning11 Nov 2024
- 2024Budgeted Online Continual Learning by Adaptive Layer Freezing and Frequency-based Sampling19 Oct 2024
- 2024Exploiting Fine-Grained Prototype Distribution for Boosting Unsupervised Class Incremental Learning19 Aug 2024
- 2024SLCA++: Unleash the Power of Sequential Fine-tuning for Continual Learning with Pre-training15 Aug 2024
- 2024Multi-Site Class-Incremental Learning with Weighted Experts in Echocardiography31 Jul 2024
- 2024Class-Incremental Learning with CLIP: Adaptive Representation Adjustment and Parameter Fusion19 Jul 2024
- 2024Decision Boundary-aware Knowledge Consolidation Generates Better Instance-Incremental Learner5 Jun 2024
- 2024Harnessing Neural Unit Dynamics for Effective and Scalable Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2024
- 2024An Empirical Analysis of Forgetting in Pre-trained Models with Incremental Low-Rank Updates28 May 2024
- 2024Dynamic Feature Learning and Matching for Class-Incremental Learning14 May 2024
- 2024MuseumMaker: Continual Style Customization without Catastrophic Forgetting25 Apr 2024
- 2024Continual Adapter Tuning with Semantic Shift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learning29 Mar 2024
- 2024Generative Multi-modal Models are Good Class-Incremental Learners27 Mar 2024
- 2024Premonition: Using Generative Models to Preempt Future Data Changes in Continual Learning12 Mar 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Prior Knowledge2 Feb 2024
- 2024Enhancing Consistency and Mitigating Bias: A Data Replay Approach for Incremental Learning12 Jan 2024
- 2024PILoRA: Prototype Guided Incremental LoRA for Federated Class-Incremental Learning4 Jan 2024
- 2023Weighted Ensemble Models Are Strong Continual Learners14 Dec 2023
- 2023Holistic Transfer: Towards Non-Disruptive Fine-Tuning with Partial Target Data2 Nov 2023
- 2023A Survey on Continual Semantic Segmentation: Theory, Challenge, Method and Application22 Oct 2023
- 2023Federated Class-Incremental Learning with Prompting13 Oct 2023
- 2023FDCNet: Feature Drift Compensation Network for Class-Incremental Weakly Supervised Object Localization17 Sep 2023
- 2023An Analysis of Initial Training Strategies for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning22 Aug 2023
- 2023RanPAC: Random Projections and Pre-trained Models for Continual Learning5 Jul 2023
- 2023Long-Tailed Continual Learning For Visual Food Recognition1 Jul 2023
- 2023Learnability and Algorithm for Continual Learning22 Jun 2023
- 2023Complementary Learning Subnetworks for Parameter-Efficient Class-Incremental Learning21 Jun 2023
- 2023IF2Net: Innately Forgetting-Free Networks for Continual Learning18 Jun 2023
- 2023POP: Prompt Of Prompts for Continual Learning14 Jun 2023
- 2023Rapid Adaptation in Online Continual Learning: Are We Evaluating It Right?16 May 2023
- 2023Online Continual Learning Without the Storage Constraint16 May 2023
- 2023Large-scale Pre-trained Models are Surprisingly Strong in Incremental Novel Class Discovery28 Mar 2023
- 2023Remind of the Past: Incremental Learning with Analogical Prompts24 Mar 2023
- 2023First Session Adaptation: A Strong Replay-Free Baseline for Class-Incremental Learning23 Mar 2023
- 2023Dense Network Expansion for Class Incremental Learning22 Mar 2023
- 2023Computationally Budgeted Continual Learning: What Does Matter?20 Mar 2023
50 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
- 2023SLCA: Slow Learner with Classifier Alignment for Continual Learning on a Pre-trained Modelcited by 178
- 2023RanPAC: Random Projections and Pre-trained Models for Continual Learningcited by 162
- 2022A Model or 603 Exemplars: Towards Memory-Efficient Class-Incremental Learningcited by 152
- 2023Computationally Budgeted Continual Learning: What Does Matter?cited by 61
- 2023No One Left Behind: Real-World Federated Class-Incremental Learningcited by 53
- 2024Class-Incremental Learning with CLIP: Adaptive Representation Adjustment and Parameter Fusioncited by 47
- 2023First Session Adaptation: A Strong Replay-Free Baseline for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 46
- 2023Dense Network Expansion for Class Incremental Learningcited by 45
- 2023Weighted Ensemble Models Are Strong Continual Learnerscited by 41
- 2022CLAD: A realistic Continual Learning benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 35
12 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026IncreFA: Breaking the Static Wall of Generative Model Attribution20 Apr 2026
- 2026ProTPS: Prototype-Guided Text Prompt Selection for Continual Learning1 Apr 2026
- 2026Compensating Visual Insufficiency with Stratified Language Guidance for Long-Tail Class Incremental Learning23 Mar 2026
- 2026Provable Effects of Data Replay in Continual Learning: A Feature Learning Perspective2 Feb 2026
- 2026RoAD Benchmark: How LiDAR Models Fail under Coupled Domain Shifts and Label Evolution9 Jan 2026
- 2025OpenCML: End-to-End Framework of Open-world Machine Learning to Learn Unknown Classes Incrementally23 Nov 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Video Continual Learning via Non-Parametric Deep Embedded Clustering29 Aug 2025
- 2025Partitioned Memory Storage Inspired Few-Shot Class-Incremental learning29 Apr 2025
- 2025Task-conditioned Ensemble of Expert Models for Continuous Learning11 Apr 2025
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learning23 Mar 2025
- 2025Unlocking [CLS] Features for Continual Post-Training20 Feb 2025
- 2025CSTA: Spatial-Temporal Causal Adaptive Learning for Exemplar-Free Video Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2025
12 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)