mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Class-Incremental Learning with Strong Pre-trained Models

arXiv 2204.03634 ↗First posted 7 Apr 2022cs.CV cs.LGcited by 60

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Abstract (arXiv)

Class-incremental learning (CIL) has been widely studied under the setting of starting from a small number of classes (base classes). Instead, we explore an understudied real-world setting of CIL that starts with a strong model pre-trained on a large number of base classes. We hypothesize that a strong base model can provide a good representation for novel classes and incremental learning can be done with small adaptations. We propose a 2-stage training scheme, i) feature augmentation -- cloning part of the backbone and fine-tuning it on the novel data, and ii) fusion -- combining the base and novel classifiers into a unified classifier. Experiments show that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art CIL methods on the large-scale ImageNet dataset (e.g. +10% overall accuracy than the best). We also propose and analyze understudied practical CIL scenarios, such as base-novel overlap with distribution shift. Our proposed method is robust and generalizes to all analyzed CIL settings. Code is available at https://github.com/amazon-research/sp-cil.

Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2022.

Builds on

25 of 37 references.

References · 25

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,718
  3. 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
  4. 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
  5. 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
  6. 2016Progressive Neural Networkscited by 1,332
  7. 2015Learning Transferable Features with Deep Adaptation Networkscited by 1,323
  8. 2017Memory Aware Synapses: Learning what (not) to forgetcited by 1,094
  9. 2017PackNet: Adding Multiple Tasks to a Single Network by Iterative Pruningcited by 882
  10. 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 727
  11. 2017Lifelong Learning with Dynamically Expandable Networkscited by 689
  12. 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
13 more
  1. 2017Learning multiple visual domains with residual adapterscited by 553
  2. 2016Expert Gate: Lifelong Learning with a Network of Expertscited by 369
  3. 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
  4. 2019Learn to Grow: A Continual Structure Learning Framework for Overcoming Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 302
  5. 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
  6. 2021Rainbow Memory: Continual Learning with a Memory of Diverse Samplescited by 273
  7. 2020Supermasks in Superpositioncited by 223
  8. 2019Compacting, Picking and Growing for Unforgetting Continual Learningcited by 207
  9. 2020SS-IL: Separated Softmax for Incremental Learningcited by 126
  10. 2020Conditional Channel Gated Networks for Task-Aware Continual Learningcited by 115
  11. 2019Growing a Brain: Fine-Tuning by Increasing Model Capacitycited by 43
  12. 2020Solving Long-tailed Recognition with Deep Realistic Taxonomic Classifiercited by 34
  13. 2019NetTailor: Tuning the Architecture, Not Just the Weightscited by 11

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 25; 2024: 17; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

60 papers.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
  2. 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
  3. 2023SLCA: Slow Learner with Classifier Alignment for Continual Learning on a Pre-trained Modelcited by 178
  4. 2023RanPAC: Random Projections and Pre-trained Models for Continual Learningcited by 162
  5. 2022A Model or 603 Exemplars: Towards Memory-Efficient Class-Incremental Learningcited by 152
  6. 2023Computationally Budgeted Continual Learning: What Does Matter?cited by 61
  7. 2023No One Left Behind: Real-World Federated Class-Incremental Learningcited by 53
  8. 2024Class-Incremental Learning with CLIP: Adaptive Representation Adjustment and Parameter Fusioncited by 47
  9. 2023First Session Adaptation: A Strong Replay-Free Baseline for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 46
  10. 2023Dense Network Expansion for Class Incremental Learningcited by 45
  11. 2023Weighted Ensemble Models Are Strong Continual Learnerscited by 41
  12. 2022CLAD: A realistic Continual Learning benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 35
38 more
  1. 2023Online Continual Learning Without the Storage Constraintcited by 29
  2. 2023Learnability and Algorithm for Continual Learningcited by 28
  3. 2024Generative Multi-modal Models are Good Class-Incremental Learnerscited by 22
  4. 2023Continual Segment: Towards a Single, Unified and Accessible Continual Segmentation Model of 143 Whole-body Organs in CT Scanscited by 21
  5. 2023A Survey on Continual Semantic Segmentation: Theory, Challenge, Method and Applicationcited by 21
  6. 2023Long-Tailed Continual Learning For Visual Food Recognitioncited by 20
  7. 2024PILoRA: Prototype Guided Incremental LoRA for Federated Class-Incremental Learningcited by 19
  8. 2023New Insights for the Stability-Plasticity Dilemma in Online Continual Learningcited by 16
  9. 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 16
  10. 2023Large-scale Pre-trained Models are Surprisingly Strong in Incremental Novel Class Discoverycited by 11
  11. 2023Rapid Adaptation in Online Continual Learning: Are We Evaluating It Right?cited by 10
  12. 2024Continual Adapter Tuning with Semantic Shift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 10
  13. 2024MuseumMaker: Continual Style Customization without Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 10
  14. 2024SLCA++: Unleash the Power of Sequential Fine-tuning for Continual Learning with Pre-trainingcited by 10
  15. 2022Learning with Style: Continual Semantic Segmentation Across Tasks and Domainscited by 9
  16. 2025SPECI: Skill Prompts based Hierarchical Continual Imitation Learning for Robot Manipulationcited by 9
  17. 2023POP: Prompt Of Prompts for Continual Learningcited by 7
  18. 2023An Analysis of Initial Training Strategies for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
  19. 2023Holistic Transfer: Towards Non-Disruptive Fine-Tuning with Partial Target Datacited by 7
  20. 2024Budgeted Online Continual Learning by Adaptive Layer Freezing and Frequency-based Samplingcited by 7
  21. 2024An Empirical Analysis of Forgetting in Pre-trained Models with Incremental Low-Rank Updatescited by 6
  22. 2023Federated Class-Incremental Learning with Promptingcited by 5
  23. 2024Premonition: Using Generative Models to Preempt Future Data Changes in Continual Learningcited by 5
  24. 2025CSTA: Spatial-Temporal Causal Adaptive Learning for Exemplar-Free Video Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
  25. 2022Schedule-Robust Online Continual Learningcited by 4
  26. 2024Harnessing Neural Unit Dynamics for Effective and Scalable Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
  27. 2023Remind of the Past: Incremental Learning with Analogical Promptscited by 3
  28. 2023IF2Net: Innately Forgetting-Free Networks for Continual Learningcited by 3
  29. 2023FDCNet: Feature Drift Compensation Network for Class-Incremental Weakly Supervised Object Localizationcited by 3
  30. 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Prior Knowledgecited by 3
  31. 2026IncreFA: Breaking the Static Wall of Generative Model Attributioncited by 3
  32. 2024Enhancing Consistency and Mitigating Bias: A Data Replay Approach for Incremental Learningcited by 2
  33. 2024Dynamic Feature Learning and Matching for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
  34. 2024Decision Boundary-aware Knowledge Consolidation Generates Better Instance-Incremental Learnercited by 1
  35. 2024Exploiting Fine-Grained Prototype Distribution for Boosting Unsupervised Class Incremental Learningcited by 1
  36. 2026Provable Effects of Data Replay in Continual Learning: A Feature Learning Perspectivecited by 1
  37. 2023Complementary Learning Subnetworks for Parameter-Efficient Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
  38. 2024Multi-Site Class-Incremental Learning with Weighted Experts in Echocardiographycited by 0

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