mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasets

arXiv 2203.12942 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2022cs.CL cs.AI cs.CYcited by 54

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Abstract (arXiv)

Natural language processing models often exploit spurious correlations between task-independent features and labels in datasets to perform well only within the distributions they are trained on, while not generalising to different task distributions. We propose to tackle this problem by generating a debiased version of a dataset, which can then be used to train a debiased, off-the-shelf model, by simply replacing its training data. Our approach consists of 1) a method for training data generators to generate high-quality, label-consistent data samples; and 2) a filtering mechanism for removing data points that contribute to spurious correlations, measured in terms of z-statistics. We generate debiased versions of the SNLI and MNLI datasets, and we evaluate on a large suite of debiased, out-of-distribution, and adversarial test sets. Results show that models trained on our debiased datasets generalise better than those trained on the original datasets in all settings. On the majority of the datasets, our method outperforms or performs comparably to previous state-of-the-art debiasing strategies, and when combined with an orthogonal technique, product-of-experts, it improves further and outperforms previous best results of SNLI-hard and MNLI-hard.

Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2022.

Builds on

41 of 52 references.

References · 41

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  7. 2019Right for the Wrong Reasons: Diagnosing Syntactic Heuristics in Natural Language Inferencecited by 864
  8. 2018Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Datacited by 656
  9. 2019Neural Text Generation with Unlikelihood Trainingcited by 489
  10. 2018Hypothesis Only Baselines in Natural Language Inferencecited by 291
  11. 2019Don't Take the Easy Way Out: Ensemble Based Methods for Avoiding Known Dataset Biasescited by 279
  12. 2018Stress Test Evaluation for Natural Language Inferencecited by 211
29 more
  1. 2021PAQ: 65 Million Probably-Asked Questions and What You Can Do With Themcited by 198
  2. 2021Generating Datasets with Pretrained Language Modelscited by 192
  3. 2019Are We Modeling the Task or the Annotator? An Investigation of Annotator Bias in Natural Language Understanding Datasetscited by 173
  4. 2020Adversarial Filters of Dataset Biasescited by 159
  5. 2019Towards Debiasing Fact Verification Modelscited by 143
  6. 2018Breaking NLI Systems with Sentences that Require Simple Lexical Inferencescited by 134
  7. 2019End-to-End Bias Mitigation by Modelling Biases in Corporacited by 127
  8. 2019Unlearn Dataset Bias in Natural Language Inference by Fitting the Residualcited by 119
  9. 2021Competency Problems: On Finding and Removing Artifacts in Language Datacited by 91
  10. 2020Mind the Trade-off: Debiasing NLU Models without Degrading the In-distribution Performancecited by 85
  11. 2020Learning from others' mistakes: Avoiding dataset biases without modeling themcited by 83
  12. 2021Improving Question Answering Model Robustness with Synthetic Adversarial Data Generationcited by 77
  13. 2016A Thorough Examination of the CNN/Daily Mail Reading Comprehension Taskcited by 71
  14. 2021Tailor: Generating and Perturbing Text with Semantic Controlscited by 67
  15. 2021Generalization in NLI: Ways (Not) To Go Beyond Simple Heuristicscited by 67
  16. 2020Generative Data Augmentation for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 49
  17. 2019Don't Take the Premise for Granted: Mitigating Artifacts in Natural Language Inferencecited by 48
  18. 2018Adversarially Regularising Neural NLI Models to Integrate Logical Background Knowledgecited by 45
  19. 2017The Effect of Different Writing Tasks on Linguistic Style: A Case Study of the ROC Story Cloze Taskcited by 39
  20. 2020Towards Robustifying NLI Models Against Lexical Dataset Biasescited by 34
  21. 2019On Adversarial Removal of Hypothesis-only Bias in Natural Language Inferencecited by 29
  22. 2021Supervising Model Attention with Human Explanations for Robust Natural Language Inferencecited by 29
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  24. 2021End-to-End Self-Debiasing Framework for Robust NLU Trainingcited by 24
  25. 2021CrossAug: A Contrastive Data Augmentation Method for Debiasing Fact Verification Modelscited by 23
  26. 2020HypoNLI: Exploring the Artificial Patterns of Hypothesis-only Bias in Natural Language Inferencecited by 17
  27. 2020An Empirical Study on Model-agnostic Debiasing Strategies for Robust Natural Language Inferencecited by 16
  28. 2018What If We Simply Swap the Two Text Fragments? A Straightforward yet Effective Way to Test the Robustness of Methods to Confounding Signals in Nature Language Inference Taskscited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 16; 2023: 16; 2024: 13; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2023Challenges and Applications of Large Language Modelscited by 251
  2. 2024Are We Done with MMLU?cited by 178
  3. 2022Shortcut Learning of Large Language Models in Natural Language Understandingcited by 83
  4. 2023Natural Language Reasoning, A Surveycited by 61
  5. 2022Language Models in the Loop: Incorporating Prompting into Weak Supervisioncited by 51
  6. 2023Privacy in Large Language Models: Attacks, Defenses and Future Directionscited by 48
  7. 2022BITE: Textual Backdoor Attacks with Iterative Trigger Injectioncited by 47
  8. 2022Stretching Sentence-pair NLI Models to Reason over Long Documents and Clusterscited by 44
  9. 2024InjecGuard: Benchmarking and Mitigating Over-defense in Prompt Injection Guardrail Modelscited by 36
  10. 2025Neuro-Symbolic AI in 2024: A Systematic Reviewcited by 36
  11. 2023Towards Trustworthy and Aligned Machine Learning: A Data-centric Survey with Causality Perspectivescited by 30
  12. 2022DISCO: Distilling Counterfactuals with Large Language Modelscited by 29
38 more
  1. 2023Explanation-based Finetuning Makes Models More Robust to Spurious Cuescited by 24
  2. 2022CORE: A Retrieve-then-Edit Framework for Counterfactual Data Generationcited by 23
  3. 2023Mitigating Backdoor Poisoning Attacks through the Lens of Spurious Correlationcited by 19
  4. 2022Extracting or Guessing? Improving Faithfulness of Event Temporal Relation Extractioncited by 15
  5. 2024CEval: A Benchmark for Evaluating Counterfactual Text Generationcited by 15
  6. 2022Can NLI Provide Proper Indirect Supervision for Low-resource Biomedical Relation Extraction?cited by 13
  7. 2023Improving Conversational Recommendation Systems via Bias Analysis and Language-Model-Enhanced Data Augmentationcited by 11
  8. 2022AGRO: Adversarial Discovery of Error-prone groups for Robust Optimizationcited by 10
  9. 2022Feature-Level Debiased Natural Language Understandingcited by 10
  10. 2022Does Self-Rationalization Improve Robustness to Spurious Correlations?cited by 9
  11. 2023Alfred: A System for Prompted Weak Supervisioncited by 8
  12. 2024ABEX: Data Augmentation for Low-Resource NLU via Expanding Abstract Descriptionscited by 8
  13. 2022FactMix: Using a Few Labeled In-domain Examples to Generalize to Cross-domain Named Entity Recognitioncited by 7
  14. 2024Hierarchical Indexing for Retrieval-Augmented Opinion Summarizationcited by 7
  15. 2024LUCID: LLM-Generated Utterances for Complex and Interesting Dialoguescited by 7
  16. 2022AutoCAD: Automatically Generating Counterfactuals for Mitigating Shortcut Learningcited by 4
  17. 2023RFiD: Towards Rational Fusion-in-Decoder for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 4
  18. 2024Learning Shortcuts: On the Misleading Promise of NLU in Language Modelscited by 4
  19. 2022Looking at the Overlooked: An Analysis on the Word-Overlap Bias in Natural Language Inferencecited by 3
  20. 2022Assessing the Impact of Sequence Length Learning on Classification Tasks for Transformer Encoder Modelscited by 3
  21. 2023Stubborn Lexical Bias in Data and Modelscited by 3
  22. 2023Medical Text Simplification: Optimizing for Readability with Unlikelihood Training and Reranked Beam Search Decodingcited by 3
  23. 2024Unlabeled Debiasing in Downstream Tasks via Class-wise Low Variance Regularizationcited by 3
  24. 2024Eliciting Textual Descriptions from Representations of Continuous Promptscited by 3
  25. 2025FinNLI: Novel Dataset for Multi-Genre Financial Natural Language Inference Benchmarkingcited by 3
  26. 2023SMoA: Sparse Mixture of Adapters to Mitigate Multiple Dataset Biasescited by 2
  27. 2023Modeling the Q-Diversity in a Min-max Play Game for Robust Optimizationcited by 2
  28. 2023IBADR: an Iterative Bias-Aware Dataset Refinement Framework for Debiasing NLU modelscited by 2
  29. 2024On the Benefits of Fine-Grained Loss Truncation: A Case Study on Factuality in Summarizationcited by 2
  30. 2025CASCADE Your Datasets for Cross-Mode Knowledge Retrieval of Language Modelscited by 2
  31. 2025Mitigating Shortcut Learning with InterpoLated Learningcited by 2
  32. 2023Contrastive variational information bottleneck for aspect-based sentiment analysiscited by 1
  33. 2023Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Text Classification: Past, Present, and Futurecited by 1
  34. 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Structure Learning in Prompted Weak Supervisioncited by 1
  35. 2024Relation-based Counterfactual Data Augmentation and Contrastive Learning for Robustifying Natural Language Inference Modelscited by 1
  36. 2025Self-Rationalization in the Wild: A Large Scale Out-of-Distribution Evaluation on NLI-related taskscited by 1
  37. 2025Evaluating the Scalability and Adversarial Generalization of GRPO-Trained NLI Modelscited by 1
  38. 2025SCISSOR: Mitigating Semantic Bias through Cluster-Aware Siamese Networks for Robust Classificationcited by 1

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