Toward Annotator Group Bias in Crowdsourcing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Crowdsourcing has emerged as a popular approach for collecting annotated data to train supervised machine learning models. However, annotator bias can lead to defective annotations. Though there are a few works investigating individual annotator bias, the group effects in annotators are largely overlooked. In this work, we reveal that annotators within the same demographic group tend to show consistent group bias in annotation tasks and thus we conduct an initial study on annotator group bias. We first empirically verify the existence of annotator group bias in various real-world crowdsourcing datasets. Then, we develop a novel probabilistic graphical framework GroupAnno to capture annotator group bias with a new extended Expectation Maximization (EM) training algorithm. We conduct experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in modeling annotator group bias in label aggregation and model learning over competitive baselines.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2021.
Builds on
9 of 31 references.
References · 9
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2016Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scalecited by 208
- 2019Are We Modeling the Task or the Annotator? An Investigation of Annotator Bias in Natural Language Understanding Datasetscited by 173
- 2018The Frontiers of Fairness in Machine Learningcited by 139
- 2019Predictive Biases in Natural Language Processing Models: A Conceptual Framework and Overviewcited by 137
- 2017Deep learning from crowdscited by 105
- 2017ConStance: Modeling Annotation Contexts to Improve Stance Classificationcited by 7
- 2014Evaluating the Crowd with Confidencecited by 4
- 2019Modelling Instance-Level Annotator Reliability for Natural Language Labelling Taskscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 3; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
14 papers.
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- 2024Are We Done with MMLU?cited by 178
- 2022Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasetscited by 54
- 2024Verification and Refinement of Natural Language Explanations through LLM-Symbolic Theorem Provingcited by 35
- 2023Uncovering and Quantifying Social Biases in Code Generationcited by 25
- 2023Explanation-based Finetuning Makes Models More Robust to Spurious Cuescited by 24
- 2024The Devil is in the Neurons: Interpreting and Mitigating Social Biases in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025Bias in, Bias out: Annotation Bias in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024Augmenting Compliance-Guaranteed Customer Service Chatbots: Context-Aware Knowledge Expansion with Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2023Mitigating Voter Attribute Bias for Fair Opinion Aggregationcited by 2
- 2022Trustworthy Human Computation: A Surveycited by 1
- 2026The Consensus Trap: Dissecting Subjectivity and the "Ground Truth" Illusion in Data Annotationcited by 1
- 2022Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: Enhancing Information Access in Gondicited by 0
2 more
- 2026UNMASK: Discovering and Causally Verifying Spurious Shortcuts in Text Classifiers10 Aug 2026
- 2026The Consensus Trap: Dissecting Subjectivity and the "Ground Truth" Illusion in Data Annotation11 Feb 2026
- 2025Bias in, Bias out: Annotation Bias in Multilingual Large Language Models18 Nov 2025
- 2024Reducing annotator bias by belief elicitation21 Oct 2024
- 2024Augmenting Compliance-Guaranteed Customer Service Chatbots: Context-Aware Knowledge Expansion with Large Language Models16 Oct 2024
- 2024The Devil is in the Neurons: Interpreting and Mitigating Social Biases in Pre-trained Language Models14 Jun 2024
- 2024Are We Done with MMLU?6 Jun 2024
- 2024Verification and Refinement of Natural Language Explanations through LLM-Symbolic Theorem Proving2 May 2024
- 2023Mitigating Voter Attribute Bias for Fair Opinion Aggregation20 Jul 2023
- 2023Uncovering and Quantifying Social Biases in Code Generation24 May 2023
- 2023Explanation-based Finetuning Makes Models More Robust to Spurious Cues8 May 2023
- 2022Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: Enhancing Information Access in Gondi29 Nov 2022
2 more
- 2024Are We Done with MMLU?cited by 178
- 2022Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasetscited by 54
- 2024Verification and Refinement of Natural Language Explanations through LLM-Symbolic Theorem Provingcited by 35
- 2023Uncovering and Quantifying Social Biases in Code Generationcited by 25
- 2023Explanation-based Finetuning Makes Models More Robust to Spurious Cuescited by 24
- 2024The Devil is in the Neurons: Interpreting and Mitigating Social Biases in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025Bias in, Bias out: Annotation Bias in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024Augmenting Compliance-Guaranteed Customer Service Chatbots: Context-Aware Knowledge Expansion with Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2023Mitigating Voter Attribute Bias for Fair Opinion Aggregationcited by 2
- 2022Trustworthy Human Computation: A Surveycited by 1
- 2026The Consensus Trap: Dissecting Subjectivity and the "Ground Truth" Illusion in Data Annotationcited by 1
- 2022Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: Enhancing Information Access in Gondicited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026UNMASK: Discovering and Causally Verifying Spurious Shortcuts in Text Classifiers10 Aug 2026
- 2026The Consensus Trap: Dissecting Subjectivity and the "Ground Truth" Illusion in Data Annotation11 Feb 2026
- 2025Bias in, Bias out: Annotation Bias in Multilingual Large Language Models18 Nov 2025
- 2024Reducing annotator bias by belief elicitation21 Oct 2024
- 2024Augmenting Compliance-Guaranteed Customer Service Chatbots: Context-Aware Knowledge Expansion with Large Language Models16 Oct 2024
- 2024The Devil is in the Neurons: Interpreting and Mitigating Social Biases in Pre-trained Language Models14 Jun 2024
- 2024Are We Done with MMLU?6 Jun 2024
- 2024Verification and Refinement of Natural Language Explanations through LLM-Symbolic Theorem Proving2 May 2024
- 2023Mitigating Voter Attribute Bias for Fair Opinion Aggregation20 Jul 2023
- 2023Uncovering and Quantifying Social Biases in Code Generation24 May 2023
- 2023Explanation-based Finetuning Makes Models More Robust to Spurious Cues8 May 2023
- 2022Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: Enhancing Information Access in Gondi29 Nov 2022
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)