CrossAug: A Contrastive Data Augmentation Method for Debiasing Fact Verification Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Fact verification datasets are typically constructed using crowdsourcing techniques due to the lack of text sources with veracity labels. However, the crowdsourcing process often produces undesired biases in data that cause models to learn spurious patterns. In this paper, we propose CrossAug, a contrastive data augmentation method for debiasing fact verification models. Specifically, we employ a two-stage augmentation pipeline to generate new claims and evidences from existing samples. The generated samples are then paired cross-wise with the original pair, forming contrastive samples that facilitate the model to rely less on spurious patterns and learn more robust representations. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art debiasing technique by 3.6% on the debiased extension of the FEVER dataset, with a total performance boost of 10.13% from the baseline. Furthermore, we evaluate our approach in data-scarce settings, where models can be more susceptible to biases due to the lack of training data. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is also effective at debiasing in these low-resource conditions, exceeding the baseline performance on the Symmetric dataset with just 1% of the original data.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2021.
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References · 15
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- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
- 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,362
- 2019EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Taskscited by 800
- 2018Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Datacited by 656
- 2017"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detectioncited by 361
- 2019Don't Take the Easy Way Out: Ensemble Based Methods for Avoiding Known Dataset Biasescited by 279
- 2020Reformulating Unsupervised Style Transfer as Paraphrase Generationcited by 181
- 2019Are We Modeling the Task or the Annotator? An Investigation of Annotator Bias in Natural Language Understanding Datasetscited by 173
- 2019Towards Debiasing Fact Verification Modelscited by 143
- 2019End-to-End Bias Mitigation by Modelling Biases in Corporacited by 127
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 9; 2024: 8; 2025: 4.
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- 2024Trustworthiness in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems: A Surveycited by 83
- 2023FactKG: Fact Verification via Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 57
- 2022Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasetscited by 54
- 2023EtiCor: Corpus for Analyzing LLMs for Etiquettescited by 33
- 2024Causal Prompting: Debiasing Large Language Model Prompting based on Front-Door Adjustmentcited by 29
- 2024A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Generationcited by 21
- 2023Improving Conversational Recommendation Systems via Bias Analysis and Language-Model-Enhanced Data Augmentationcited by 11
- 2023EXPLAIN, EDIT, GENERATE: Rationale-Sensitive Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Multi-hop Fact Verificationcited by 9
- 2023Removing Non-Stationary Knowledge From Pre-Trained Language Models for Entity-Level Sentiment Classification in Financecited by 7
- 2023Out-of-distribution Evidence-aware Fake News Detection via Dual Adversarial Debiasingcited by 7
- 2025Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 5
- 2023A Simple yet Effective Self-Debiasing Framework for Transformer Modelscited by 4
11 more
- 2023Stubborn Lexical Bias in Data and Modelscited by 3
- 2024DINER: Debiasing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis with Multi-variable Causal Inferencecited by 3
- 2024Robust Claim Verification Through Fact Detectioncited by 3
- 2023IBADR: an Iterative Bias-Aware Dataset Refinement Framework for Debiasing NLU modelscited by 2
- 2024Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Mitigating Shortcut Learning with InterpoLated Learningcited by 2
- 2024Enhancing Effectiveness and Robustness in a Low-Resource Regime via Decision-Boundary-aware Data Augmentationcited by 1
- 2024Multi-Evidence based Fact Verification via A Confidential Graph Neural Networkcited by 1
- 2025SCISSOR: Mitigating Semantic Bias through Cluster-Aware Siamese Networks for Robust Classificationcited by 1
- 2022Learning to Infer from Unlabeled Data: A Semi-supervised Learning Approach for Robust Natural Language Inferencecited by 0
- 2025MuPlon: Multi-Path Causal Optimization for Claim Verification through Controlling Confoundingcited by 0
- 2025MuPlon: Multi-Path Causal Optimization for Claim Verification through Controlling Confounding30 Sep 2025
- 2025Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Survey10 Sep 2025
- 2025Mitigating Shortcut Learning with InterpoLated Learning7 Jul 2025
- 2025SCISSOR: Mitigating Semantic Bias through Cluster-Aware Siamese Networks for Robust Classification17 Jun 2025
- 2024Trustworthiness in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems: A Survey16 Sep 2024
- 2024Robust Claim Verification Through Fact Detection25 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Generation4 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Evidence based Fact Verification via A Confidential Graph Neural Network17 May 2024
- 2024Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2024Enhancing Effectiveness and Robustness in a Low-Resource Regime via Decision-Boundary-aware Data Augmentation22 Mar 2024
- 2024Causal Prompting: Debiasing Large Language Model Prompting based on Front-Door Adjustment5 Mar 2024
- 2024DINER: Debiasing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis with Multi-variable Causal Inference2 Mar 2024
11 more
- 2023IBADR: an Iterative Bias-Aware Dataset Refinement Framework for Debiasing NLU models1 Nov 2023
- 2023EtiCor: Corpus for Analyzing LLMs for Etiquettes29 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Conversational Recommendation Systems via Bias Analysis and Language-Model-Enhanced Data Augmentation25 Oct 2023
- 2023EXPLAIN, EDIT, GENERATE: Rationale-Sensitive Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Multi-hop Fact Verification23 Oct 2023
- 2023Stubborn Lexical Bias in Data and Models3 Jun 2023
- 2023A Simple yet Effective Self-Debiasing Framework for Transformer Models2 Jun 2023
- 2023FactKG: Fact Verification via Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs11 May 2023
- 2023Out-of-distribution Evidence-aware Fake News Detection via Dual Adversarial Debiasing25 Apr 2023
- 2023Removing Non-Stationary Knowledge From Pre-Trained Language Models for Entity-Level Sentiment Classification in Finance9 Jan 2023
- 2022Learning to Infer from Unlabeled Data: A Semi-supervised Learning Approach for Robust Natural Language Inference5 Nov 2022
- 2022Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasets24 Mar 2022
- 2023FactKG: Fact Verification via Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 57
- 2022Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasetscited by 54
- 2023EtiCor: Corpus for Analyzing LLMs for Etiquettescited by 33
- 2024A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Generationcited by 21
- 2023Improving Conversational Recommendation Systems via Bias Analysis and Language-Model-Enhanced Data Augmentationcited by 11
- 2023EXPLAIN, EDIT, GENERATE: Rationale-Sensitive Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Multi-hop Fact Verificationcited by 9
- 2023Removing Non-Stationary Knowledge From Pre-Trained Language Models for Entity-Level Sentiment Classification in Financecited by 7
- 2023Out-of-distribution Evidence-aware Fake News Detection via Dual Adversarial Debiasingcited by 7
- 2025Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 5
- 2023A Simple yet Effective Self-Debiasing Framework for Transformer Modelscited by 4
- 2023Stubborn Lexical Bias in Data and Modelscited by 3
- 2024DINER: Debiasing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis with Multi-variable Causal Inferencecited by 3
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025MuPlon: Multi-Path Causal Optimization for Claim Verification through Controlling Confounding30 Sep 2025
- 2025Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Survey10 Sep 2025
- 2025Mitigating Shortcut Learning with InterpoLated Learning7 Jul 2025
- 2025SCISSOR: Mitigating Semantic Bias through Cluster-Aware Siamese Networks for Robust Classification17 Jun 2025
- 2024Robust Claim Verification Through Fact Detection25 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Generation4 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Evidence based Fact Verification via A Confidential Graph Neural Network17 May 2024
- 2024Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2024Enhancing Effectiveness and Robustness in a Low-Resource Regime via Decision-Boundary-aware Data Augmentation22 Mar 2024
- 2024DINER: Debiasing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis with Multi-variable Causal Inference2 Mar 2024
- 2023IBADR: an Iterative Bias-Aware Dataset Refinement Framework for Debiasing NLU models1 Nov 2023
- 2023EtiCor: Corpus for Analyzing LLMs for Etiquettes29 Oct 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)