Alfred: A System for Prompted Weak Supervision
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Abstract (arXiv)
Alfred is the first system for programmatic weak supervision (PWS) that creates training data for machine learning by prompting. In contrast to typical PWS systems where weak supervision sources are programs coded by experts, Alfred enables users to encode their subject matter expertise via natural language prompts for language and vision-language models. Alfred provides a simple Python interface for the key steps of this emerging paradigm, with a high-throughput backend for large-scale data labeling. Users can quickly create, evaluate, and refine their prompt-based weak supervision sources; map the results to weak labels; and resolve their disagreements with a label model. Alfred enables a seamless local development experience backed by models served from self-managed computing clusters. It automatically optimizes the execution of prompts with optimized batching mechanisms. We find that this optimization improves query throughput by 2.9x versus a naive approach. We present two example use cases demonstrating Alfred on YouTube comment spam detection and pet breeds classification. Alfred is open source, available at https://github.com/BatsResearch/alfred.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 May 2023.
Builds on
30 of 37 references.
References · 30
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
- 2021Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 1,470
- 2021Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Modelscited by 1,392
- 2022STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoningcited by 940
- 2019LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understandingcited by 553
- 2021Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processingcited by 530
- 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 485
18 more
- 2020LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 408
- 2017Snorkel: Rapid Training Data Creation with Weak Supervisioncited by 372
- 2022PromptSource: An Integrated Development Environment and Repository for Natural Language Promptscited by 289
- 2016Data Programming: Creating Large Training Sets, Quicklycited by 246
- 2022ZeroGen: Efficient Zero-shot Learning via Dataset Generationcited by 211
- 2021Generating Datasets with Pretrained Language Modelscited by 193
- 2022Ask Me Anything: A simple strategy for prompting language modelscited by 155
- 2021OpenPrompt: An Open-source Framework for Prompt-learningcited by 148
- 2020Explaining NLP Models via Minimal Contrastive Editing (MiCE)cited by 106
- 2020Fast and Three-rious: Speeding Up Weak Supervision with Triplet Methodscited by 98
- 2021WRENCH: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Weak Supervisioncited by 96
- 2020Few-Shot Text Generation with Pattern-Exploiting Trainingcited by 87
- 2022A Survey on Programmatic Weak Supervisioncited by 66
- 2022RelationPrompt: Leveraging Prompts to Generate Synthetic Data for Zero-Shot Relation Triplet Extractioncited by 60
- 2022Generating Data to Mitigate Spurious Correlations in Natural Language Inference Datasetscited by 54
- 2022Language Models in the Loop: Incorporating Prompting into Weak Supervisioncited by 52
- 2022Shoring Up the Foundations: Fusing Model Embeddings and Weak Supervisioncited by 18
- 2021Learning from Multiple Noisy Partial Labelerscited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
8 papers.
- 2025Calibrating Pre-trained Language Classifiers on LLM-generated Noisy Labels via Iterative Refinementcited by 4
- 2024Prompt2DeModel: Declarative Neuro-Symbolic Modeling with Natural Languagecited by 3
- 2023An Adaptive Method for Weak Supervision with Drifting Datacited by 1
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Structure Learning in Prompted Weak Supervisioncited by 1
- 2025Refining Labeling Functions with Limited Labeled Datacited by 1
- 2026EvoPool: Evolutionary Programmatic Annotation for Label-Efficient Specialized Supervisioncited by 1
- 2024What Is Wrong with My Model? Identifying Systematic Problems with Semantic Data Slicingcited by 0
- 2026The Tag is the Signal: URL-Agnostic Credibility Scoring for Messages on Telegramcited by 0
- 2026EvoPool: Evolutionary Programmatic Annotation for Label-Efficient Specialized Supervision1 Jun 2026
- 2026The Tag is the Signal: URL-Agnostic Credibility Scoring for Messages on Telegram19 Jan 2026
- 2025Refining Labeling Functions with Limited Labeled Data29 May 2025
- 2025Calibrating Pre-trained Language Classifiers on LLM-generated Noisy Labels via Iterative Refinement26 May 2025
- 2024What Is Wrong with My Model? Identifying Systematic Problems with Semantic Data Slicing14 Sep 2024
- 2024Prompt2DeModel: Declarative Neuro-Symbolic Modeling with Natural Language30 Jul 2024
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Structure Learning in Prompted Weak Supervision2 Feb 2024
- 2023An Adaptive Method for Weak Supervision with Drifting Data2 Jun 2023
Similar, not cited
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- 2025Self-Supervised Prompt Optimization
- 2024LLM-based Weak Supervision Framework for Query Intent Classification in Video Search
- 2024Reward Modeling with Weak Supervision for Language Models
- 2025Dialz: A Python Toolkit for Steering Vectors
- 2025Don't Just Demo, Teach Me the Principles: A Principle-Based Multi-Agent Prompting Strategy for Text Classification
- 2020Aligning the Pretraining and Finetuning Objectives of Language Models
- 2024Concept Distillation from Strong to Weak Models via Hypotheses-to-Theories Prompting
- 2023Batch Prompting: Efficient Inference with Large Language Model APIs