A Unified Framework for Rank-based Evaluation Metrics for Link Prediction in Knowledge Graphs
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Abstract (arXiv)
The link prediction task on knowledge graphs without explicit negative triples in the training data motivates the usage of rank-based metrics. Here, we review existing rank-based metrics and propose desiderata for improved metrics to address lack of interpretability and comparability of existing metrics to datasets of different sizes and properties. We introduce a simple theoretical framework for rank-based metrics upon which we investigate two avenues for improvements to existing metrics via alternative aggregation functions and concepts from probability theory. We finally propose several new rank-based metrics that are more easily interpreted and compared accompanied by a demonstration of their usage in a benchmarking of knowledge graph embedding models.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2022.
Builds on
26 of 36 references.
References · 26
- 2020Open Graph Benchmark: Datasets for Machine Learning on Graphscited by 2,148
- 2019RotatE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Rotation in Complex Spacecited by 893
- 2017Convolutional 2D Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 729
- 2021OGB-LSC: A Large-Scale Challenge for Machine Learning on Graphscited by 328
- 2019TuckER: Tensor Factorization for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 290
- 2021Neural Bellman-Ford Networks: A General Graph Neural Network Framework for Link Predictioncited by 273
- 2015A Review of Relational Machine Learning for Knowledge Graphscited by 264
- 2019Inductive Relation Prediction by Subgraph Reasoningcited by 237
- 2018Learning from positive and unlabeled data: a surveycited by 218
- 2020Query2box: Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs in Vector Space using Box Embeddingscited by 169
- 2020Beta Embeddings for Multi-Hop Logical Reasoning in Knowledge Graphscited by 128
- 2018Embedding Logical Queries on Knowledge Graphscited by 120
14 more
- 2020A Benchmarking Study of Embedding-based Entity Alignment for Knowledge Graphscited by 119
- 2019Relation-Aware Entity Alignment for Heterogeneous Knowledge Graphscited by 106
- 2020Complex Query Answering with Neural Link Predictorscited by 98
- 2020Deep Graph Matching Consensuscited by 85
- 2017Knowledge Graph Completion via Complex Tensor Factorizationcited by 80
- 2020PyKEEN 1.0: A Python Library for Training and Evaluating Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 77
- 2020Bringing Light Into the Dark: A Large-scale Evaluation of Knowledge Graph Embedding Models Under a Unified Frameworkcited by 70
- 2020Relational Reflection Entity Alignmentcited by 53
- 2021A Review of Biomedical Datasets Relating to Drug Discovery: A Knowledge Graph Perspectivecited by 37
- 2020Answering Complex Queries in Knowledge Graphs with Bidirectional Sequence Encoderscited by 28
- 2021Query Embedding on Hyper-relational Knowledge Graphscited by 23
- 2020On the Ambiguity of Rank-Based Evaluation of Entity Alignment or Link Prediction Methodscited by 13
- 2018On Evaluating Embedding Models for Knowledge Base Completioncited by 10
- 2019Improving Visual Relation Detection using Depth Mapscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Long Range Graph Benchmarkcited by 258
- 2023Sem@K: Is my knowledge graph embedding model semantic-aware?cited by 10
- 2024Predictive Multiplicity of Knowledge Graph Embeddings in Link Predictioncited by 9
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2024Context-aware knowledge graph framework for traffic speed forecasting using graph neural networkcited by 1
- 2025How Sharp and Bias-Robust is a Model? Dual Evaluation Perspectives on Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 1
- 2026QUEST: A robust attention formulation using query-modulated spherical attentioncited by 1
- 2023Transcriptomics-based matching of drugs to diseases with deep learningcited by 0
- 2023Approximate Answering of Graph Queriescited by 0
- 2024Differential Encoding for Improved Representation Learning over Graphscited by 0
- 2025Enabling Down Syndrome Research through a Knowledge Graph-Driven Analytical Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026HEHRGNN: A Unified Embedding Model for Knowledge Graphs with Hyperedges and Hyper-Relational Edgescited by 0
- 2026TRIAGE: Trustworthy Retrieval Instrumentation And Graph Evaluation3 Jul 2026
- 2026Generalized Rank-based Evaluation for Knowledge Graph Completion: Perspectives, Framework, and Analyses8 Jun 2026
- 2026QUEST: A robust attention formulation using query-modulated spherical attention31 Mar 2026
- 2026HEHRGNN: A Unified Embedding Model for Knowledge Graphs with Hyperedges and Hyper-Relational Edges21 Feb 2026
- 2025How Sharp and Bias-Robust is a Model? Dual Evaluation Perspectives on Knowledge Graph Completion6 Dec 2025
- 2025Enabling Down Syndrome Research through a Knowledge Graph-Driven Analytical Framework1 Sep 2025
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completion11 Apr 2025
- 2024Predictive Multiplicity of Knowledge Graph Embeddings in Link Prediction15 Aug 2024
- 2024Context-aware knowledge graph framework for traffic speed forecasting using graph neural network25 Jul 2024
- 2024Differential Encoding for Improved Representation Learning over Graphs3 Jul 2024
- 2023Approximate Answering of Graph Queries12 Aug 2023
- 2023Transcriptomics-based matching of drugs to diseases with deep learning21 Mar 2023
2 more
- 2023Sem@K: Is my knowledge graph embedding model semantic-aware?13 Jan 2023
- 2022Long Range Graph Benchmark16 Jun 2022
- 2022Long Range Graph Benchmarkcited by 258
- 2023Sem@K: Is my knowledge graph embedding model semantic-aware?cited by 10
- 2024Predictive Multiplicity of Knowledge Graph Embeddings in Link Predictioncited by 9
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2024Context-aware knowledge graph framework for traffic speed forecasting using graph neural networkcited by 1
- 2025How Sharp and Bias-Robust is a Model? Dual Evaluation Perspectives on Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 1
- 2026QUEST: A robust attention formulation using query-modulated spherical attentioncited by 1
- 2023Transcriptomics-based matching of drugs to diseases with deep learningcited by 0
- 2023Approximate Answering of Graph Queriescited by 0
- 2024Differential Encoding for Improved Representation Learning over Graphscited by 0
- 2025Enabling Down Syndrome Research through a Knowledge Graph-Driven Analytical Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026HEHRGNN: A Unified Embedding Model for Knowledge Graphs with Hyperedges and Hyper-Relational Edgescited by 0
- 2026QUEST: A robust attention formulation using query-modulated spherical attention31 Mar 2026
- 2026HEHRGNN: A Unified Embedding Model for Knowledge Graphs with Hyperedges and Hyper-Relational Edges21 Feb 2026
- 2025How Sharp and Bias-Robust is a Model? Dual Evaluation Perspectives on Knowledge Graph Completion6 Dec 2025
- 2025Enabling Down Syndrome Research through a Knowledge Graph-Driven Analytical Framework1 Sep 2025
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completion11 Apr 2025
- 2024Predictive Multiplicity of Knowledge Graph Embeddings in Link Prediction15 Aug 2024
- 2024Context-aware knowledge graph framework for traffic speed forecasting using graph neural network25 Jul 2024
- 2024Differential Encoding for Improved Representation Learning over Graphs3 Jul 2024
- 2023Approximate Answering of Graph Queries12 Aug 2023
- 2023Transcriptomics-based matching of drugs to diseases with deep learning21 Mar 2023
- 2023Sem@K: Is my knowledge graph embedding model semantic-aware?13 Jan 2023
- 2022Long Range Graph Benchmark16 Jun 2022