mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Can GAN Generated Morphs Threaten Face Recognition Systems Equally as Landmark Based Morphs? -- Vulnerability and Detection

arXiv 2007.03621 ↗First posted 7 Jul 2020cs.CV cs.CR eess.IVcited by 46

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Abstract (arXiv)

The primary objective of face morphing is to combine face images of different data subjects (e.g. a malicious actor and an accomplice) to generate a face image that can be equally verified for both contributing data subjects. In this paper, we propose a new framework for generating face morphs using a newer Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) - StyleGAN. In contrast to earlier works, we generate realistic morphs of both high-quality and high resolution of 1024×1024 pixels. With the newly created morphing dataset of 2500 morphed face images, we pose a critical question in this work. textit(i) Can GAN generated morphs threaten Face Recognition Systems (FRS) equally as Landmark based morphs? Seeking an answer, we benchmark the vulnerability of a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf FRS (COTS) and a deep learning-based FRS (ArcFace). This work also benchmarks the detection approaches for both GAN generated morphs against the landmark based morphs using established Morphing Attack Detection (MAD) schemes.

Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Jul 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 11; 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.

46 papers.

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  1. 2022Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data for the Development of Face Morphing Attack Detectorscited by 47
  2. 2023MorDIFF: Recognition Vulnerability and Attack Detectability of Face Morphing Attacks Created by Diffusion Autoencoderscited by 44
  3. 2022SYN-MAD 2022: Competition on Face Morphing Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 30
  4. 2021PW-MAD: Pixel-wise Supervision for Generalized Face Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 29
  5. 2022Are GAN-based Morphs Threatening Face Recognition?cited by 28
  6. 2021ReGenMorph: Visibly Realistic GAN Generated Face Morphing Attacks by Attack Re-generationcited by 21
  7. 2022Unsupervised Face Morphing Attack Detection via Self-paced Anomaly Detectioncited by 16
  8. 2021Attention Aware Wavelet-based Detection of Morphed Face Imagescited by 14
  9. 2023Leveraging Diffusion For Strong and High Quality Face Morphing Attackscited by 14
  10. 2025MADation: Face Morphing Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 14
  11. 2025Generalized Single-Image-Based Morphing Attack Detection Using Deep Representations from Vision Transformercited by 14
  12. 2021Differential Morph Face Detection using Discriminative Wavelet Sub-bandscited by 13
34 more
  1. 2022OrthoMAD: Morphing Attack Detection Through Orthogonal Identity Disentanglementcited by 10
  2. 2024Greedy-DiM: Greedy Algorithms for Unreasonably Effective Face Morphscited by 10
  3. 2023Unveiling the Two-Faced Truth: Disentangling Morphed Identities for Face Morphing Detectioncited by 9
  4. 2022Face Morphing Attacks and Face Image Quality: The Effect of Morphing and the Unsupervised Attack Detection by Qualitycited by 8
  5. 2022MorDeephy: Face Morphing Detection Via Fused Classificationcited by 7
  6. 2025SelfMAD: Enhancing Generalization and Robustness in Morphing Attack Detection via Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
  7. 2021Focused LRP: Explainable AI for Face Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 6
  8. 2022Deep Composite Face Image Attacks: Generation, Vulnerability and Detectioncited by 6
  9. 2024MorCode: Face Morphing Attack Generation using Generative Codebookscited by 6
  10. 2021Algorithmic Fairness in Face Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 5
  11. 20223D Face Morphing Attacks: Generation, Vulnerability and Detectioncited by 5
  12. 2023Towards minimizing efforts for Morphing Attacks -- Deep embeddings for morphing pair selection and improved Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 4
  13. 2023Vulnerability of Automatic Identity Recognition to Audio-Visual Deepfakescited by 4
  14. 2021Worst-Case Morphs: a Theoretical and a Practical Approachcited by 3
  15. 2024TetraLoss: Improving the Robustness of Face Recognition against Morphing Attackscited by 2
  16. 2024Approximating Optimal Morphing Attacks using Template Inversioncited by 2
  17. 2024The Impact of Print-Scanning in Heterogeneous Morph Evaluation Scenarioscited by 2
  18. 2024Evaluating the Effectiveness of Attack-Agnostic Features for Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 2
  19. 2025StableMorph: High-Quality Face Morph Generation with Stable Diffusioncited by 2
  20. 2026FD-MAD: Frequency-Domain Residual Analysis for Face Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 2
  21. 2022Landmark Enforcement and Style Manipulation for Generative Morphingcited by 1
  22. 2024Optimal-Landmark-Guided Image Blending for Face Morphing Attackscited by 1
  23. 2024Quadruplet Loss For Improving the Robustness to Face Morphing Attackscited by 1
  24. 2025DOOMGAN:High-Fidelity Dynamic Identity Obfuscation Ocular Generative Morphingcited by 1
  25. 2025LoRA-Enhanced Vision Transformer for Single Image based Morphing Attack Detection via Knowledge Distillation from EfficientNetcited by 1
  26. 2026DCMorph: Face Morphing via Dual-Stream Cross-Attention Diffusioncited by 1
  27. 2022Face Morphing: Fooling a Face Recognition System Is Simple!cited by 0
  28. 2024Hierarchical Generative Network for Face Morphing Attackscited by 0
  29. 2024MLSD-GAN -- Generating Strong High Quality Face Morphing Attacks using Latent Semantic Disentanglementcited by 0
  30. 2025WaFusion: A Wavelet-Enhanced Diffusion Framework for Face Morph Generationcited by 0
  31. 2025Deceptive Beauty: Evaluating the Impact of Beauty Filters on Deepfake and Morphing Attack Detectioncited by 0
  32. 2026Arc2Morph: Identity-Preserving Facial Morphing with Arc2Facecited by 0
  33. 2026Enhancing Single-Image Facial Demorphing using Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
  34. 2026Foundation and Multimodal Large Language Models for Face Presentation and Morph Attack Detectioncited by 0