Learning Open Set Network with Discriminative Reciprocal Points
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Abstract (arXiv)
Open set recognition is an emerging research area that aims to simultaneously classify samples from predefined classes and identify the rest as 'unknown'. In this process, one of the key challenges is to reduce the risk of generalizing the inherent characteristics of numerous unknown samples learned from a small amount of known data. In this paper, we propose a new concept, Reciprocal Point, which is the potential representation of the extra-class space corresponding to each known category. The sample can be classified to known or unknown by the otherness with reciprocal points. To tackle the open set problem, we offer a novel open space risk regularization term. Based on the bounded space constructed by reciprocal points, the risk of unknown is reduced through multi-category interaction. The novel learning framework called Reciprocal Point Learning (RPL), which can indirectly introduce the unknown information into the learner with only known classes, so as to learn more compact and discriminative representations. Moreover, we further construct a new large-scale challenging aircraft dataset for open set recognition: Aircraft 300 (Air-300). Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets indicate that our framework is significantly superior to other existing approaches and achieves state-of-the-art performance on standard open set benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 115 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 26; 2023: 27; 2024: 31; 2025: 12; 2026: 5.
115 papers.
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- 2021Generalized Out-of-Distribution Detection: A Surveycited by 796
- 2022InternVideo: General Video Foundation Models via Generative and Discriminative Learningcited by 441
- 2021Open-Set Recognition: a Good Closed-Set Classifier is All You Need?cited by 351
- 2022Generalized Category Discoverycited by 209
- 2021A Unified Survey on Anomaly, Novelty, Open-Set, and Out-of-Distribution Detection: Solutions and Future Challengescited by 154
- 2021Adversarial Reciprocal Points Learning for Open Set Recognitioncited by 153
- 2021OpenGAN: Open-Set Recognition via Open Data Generationcited by 135
- 2022Is Out-of-Distribution Detection Learnable?cited by 109
- 2021Evidential Deep Learning for Open Set Action Recognitioncited by 96
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- 2021Amplitude-Phase Recombination: Rethinking Robustness of Convolutional Neural Networks in Frequency Domaincited by 70
- 2021Deep Metric Learning for Open World Semantic Segmentationcited by 51
38 more
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- 2022OpenAUC: Towards AUC-Oriented Open-Set Recognitioncited by 33
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- 2022Class-Specific Semantic Reconstruction for Open Set Recognitioncited by 28
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- 2023CiPR: An Efficient Framework with Cross-instance Positive Relations for Generalized Category Discoverycited by 26
- 2022Difficulty-Aware Simulator for Open Set Recognitioncited by 24
- 2022OpenTAL: Towards Open Set Temporal Action Localizationcited by 23
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- 2022Unknown-Aware Domain Adversarial Learning for Open-Set Domain Adaptationcited by 21
- 2021Conditional Variational Capsule Network for Open Set Recognitioncited by 17
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- 2024Unified Entropy Optimization for Open-Set Test-Time Adaptationcited by 17
- 2022Your Out-of-Distribution Detection Method is Not Robust!cited by 16
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- 2024Revisiting Essential and Nonessential Settings of Evidential Deep Learningcited by 15
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- 2021M2IOSR: Maximal Mutual Information Open Set Recognitioncited by 12
- 2022Rethinking Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Open-Set Hypothesis in Hyperbolic Geometrycited by 12
- 2023SOAR: Scene-debiasing Open-set Action Recognitioncited by 12
- 2024Advancing Open-Set Domain Generalization Using Evidential Bi-Level Hardest Domain Schedulercited by 12
- 20223DOS: Towards 3D Open Set Learning -- Benchmarking and Understanding Semantic Novelty Detection on Point Cloudscited by 11
- 2025Forensic Self-Descriptions Are All You Need for Zero-Shot Detection, Open-Set Source Attribution, and Clustering of AI-generated Imagescited by 11
- 2023LMC: Large Model Collaboration with Cross-assessment for Training-Free Open-Set Object Recognitioncited by 10
- 2024Seeing Unseen: Discover Novel Biomedical Concepts via Geometry-Constrained Probabilistic Modelingcited by 10
- 2023Unified Classification and Rejection: A One-versus-All Frameworkcited by 9
- 2022Learning Classifiers of Prototypes and Reciprocal Points for Universal Domain Adaptationcited by 8
- 2024Exploring Diverse Representations for Open Set Recognitioncited by 8
- 2024Enhancing Vision-Language Few-Shot Adaptation with Negative Learningcited by 8
- 2024E3NeRF: Efficient Event-Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields from Blurry Imagescited by 8
- 2022Region-Aware Metric Learning for Open World Semantic Segmentation via Meta-Channel Aggregationcited by 7
50 most cited of 115 All 115 (JSON)
- 2026SmoothOperator: Enhancing Representations for Fine-grained Open-set Recognition via Modulated Label Smoothing1 Oct 2026
- 2026A Novel Latent-Class Attack and its Detection by Class Subspace Orthogonalization27 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond the Simplex: Balanced Prototype Geometry for Scorer-Agnostic Open-Set Recognition1 Jun 2026
- 2026DMDSC: A Dynamic-Margin Deep Simplex Classifier for Open-Set Recognition on Medical Image Datasets1 May 2026
- 2026Towards Adaptive Open-Set Object Detection via Category-Level Collaboration Knowledge Mining13 Apr 2026
- 2025UCDSC: Open Set UnCertainty aware Deep Simplex Classifier for Medical Image Datasets11 Nov 2025
- 2025Equipping Vision Foundation Model with Mixture of Experts for Out-of-Distribution Detection12 Oct 2025
- 2025Novel Category Discovery with X-Agent Attention for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation1 Sep 2025
- 2025Empirical Evidences for the Effects of Feature Diversity in Open Set Recognition and Continual Learning18 Aug 2025
- 2025COSTARR: Consolidated Open Set Technique with Attenuation for Robust Recognition1 Aug 2025
- 2025Decoupled PROB: Decoupled Query Initialization Tasks and Objectness-Class Learning for Open World Object Detection17 Jul 2025
- 2025Dual-Path Stable Soft Prompt Generation for Domain Generalization24 May 2025
38 more
- 2025Boosting Open Set Recognition Performance through Modulated Representation Learning23 May 2025
- 2025Forensic Self-Descriptions Are All You Need for Zero-Shot Detection, Open-Set Source Attribution, and Clustering of AI-generated Images26 Mar 2025
- 2025BackMix: Regularizing Open Set Recognition by Removing Underlying Fore-Background Priors22 Mar 2025
- 2025SphOR: A Representation Learning Perspective on Open-set Recognition for Identifying Unknown Classes in Deep Learning Models11 Mar 2025
- 2025Rethinking Epistemic and Aleatoric Uncertainty for Active Open-Set Annotation: An Energy-Based Approach27 Feb 2025
- 2024Mitigating Label Noise using Prompt-Based Hyperbolic Meta-Learning in Open-Set Domain Generalization24 Dec 2024
- 2024UADet: A Remarkably Simple Yet Effective Uncertainty-Aware Open-Set Object Detection Framework12 Dec 2024
- 2024Adaptive Residual Transformation for Enhanced Feature-Based OOD Detection in SAR Imagery1 Nov 2024
- 2024Revisiting Essential and Nonessential Settings of Evidential Deep Learning1 Oct 2024
- 2024Advancing Open-Set Domain Generalization Using Evidential Bi-Level Hardest Domain Scheduler26 Sep 2024
- 2024Effects of Common Regularization Techniques on Open-Set Recognition3 Sep 2024
- 2024Dissecting Out-of-Distribution Detection and Open-Set Recognition: A Critical Analysis of Methods and Benchmarks29 Aug 2024
- 2024SelEx: Self-Expertise in Fine-Grained Generalized Category Discovery26 Aug 2024
- 2024Learning Unknowns from Unknowns: Diversified Negative Prototypes Generator for Few-Shot Open-Set Recognition23 Aug 2024
- 2024E3NeRF: Efficient Event-Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields from Blurry Images3 Aug 2024
- 2024Multiple Contexts and Frequencies Aggregation Network forDeepfake Detection3 Aug 2024
- 2024PGNeXt: High-Resolution Salient Object Detection via Pyramid Grafting Network2 Aug 2024
- 2024Category-Extensible Out-of-Distribution Detection via Hierarchical Context Descriptions23 Jul 2024
- 2024Unseen Object Reasoning with Shared Appearance Cues21 Jun 2024
- 2024Large-Scale Evaluation of Open-Set Image Classification Techniques13 Jun 2024
- 2024Cascading Unknown Detection with Known Classification for Open Set Recognition10 Jun 2024
- 2024BOSC: A Backdoor-based Framework for Open Set Synthetic Image Attribution19 May 2024
- 2024Multi-method Integration with Confidence-based Weighting for Zero-shot Image Classification3 May 2024
- 2024Dynamic Against Dynamic: An Open-set Self-learning Framework27 Apr 2024
- 2024Open-Set Video-based Facial Expression Recognition with Human Expression-sensitive Prompting26 Apr 2024
- 2024Gradient-Regularized Out-of-Distribution Detection18 Apr 2024
- 2024Know Yourself Better: Diverse Object-Related Features Improve Open Set Recognition16 Apr 2024
- 2024Unified Entropy Optimization for Open-Set Test-Time Adaptation9 Apr 2024
- 2024Enhancing Vision-Language Few-Shot Adaptation with Negative Learning19 Mar 2024
- 2024Adaptive Discovering and Merging for Incremental Novel Class Discovery6 Mar 2024
- 2024Seeing Unseen: Discover Novel Biomedical Concepts via Geometry-Constrained Probabilistic Modeling2 Mar 2024
- 2024OSSAR: Towards Open-Set Surgical Activity Recognition in Robot-assisted Surgery10 Feb 2024
- 2024Taking Class Imbalance Into Account in Open Set Recognition Evaluation9 Feb 2024
- 2024WiOpen: A Robust Wi-Fi-based Open-set Gesture Recognition Framework1 Feb 2024
- 2024All Beings Are Equal in Open Set Recognition31 Jan 2024
- 2024Exploring Diverse Representations for Open Set Recognition12 Jan 2024
- 2023A Survey on Open-Set Image Recognition25 Dec 2023
- 2023Entropic Open-set Active Learning21 Dec 2023
50 newest of 115 All 115 (JSON)
- 2021Generalized Out-of-Distribution Detection: A Surveycited by 796
- 2022InternVideo: General Video Foundation Models via Generative and Discriminative Learningcited by 441
- 2021Open-Set Recognition: a Good Closed-Set Classifier is All You Need?cited by 351
- 2022Generalized Category Discoverycited by 209
- 2021A Unified Survey on Anomaly, Novelty, Open-Set, and Out-of-Distribution Detection: Solutions and Future Challengescited by 154
- 2021Adversarial Reciprocal Points Learning for Open Set Recognitioncited by 153
- 2021OpenGAN: Open-Set Recognition via Open Data Generationcited by 135
- 2022Is Out-of-Distribution Detection Learnable?cited by 109
- 2021Evidential Deep Learning for Open Set Action Recognitioncited by 96
- 2023Hyperbolic Deep Learning in Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 72
- 2021Amplitude-Phase Recombination: Rethinking Robustness of Convolutional Neural Networks in Frequency Domaincited by 70
- 2021Deep Metric Learning for Open World Semantic Segmentationcited by 51
12 most cited of 110 All 110 (JSON)
- 2026SmoothOperator: Enhancing Representations for Fine-grained Open-set Recognition via Modulated Label Smoothing1 Oct 2026
- 2026Beyond the Simplex: Balanced Prototype Geometry for Scorer-Agnostic Open-Set Recognition1 Jun 2026
- 2026DMDSC: A Dynamic-Margin Deep Simplex Classifier for Open-Set Recognition on Medical Image Datasets1 May 2026
- 2026Towards Adaptive Open-Set Object Detection via Category-Level Collaboration Knowledge Mining13 Apr 2026
- 2025UCDSC: Open Set UnCertainty aware Deep Simplex Classifier for Medical Image Datasets11 Nov 2025
- 2025Empirical Evidences for the Effects of Feature Diversity in Open Set Recognition and Continual Learning18 Aug 2025
- 2025COSTARR: Consolidated Open Set Technique with Attenuation for Robust Recognition1 Aug 2025
- 2025Decoupled PROB: Decoupled Query Initialization Tasks and Objectness-Class Learning for Open World Object Detection17 Jul 2025
- 2025Dual-Path Stable Soft Prompt Generation for Domain Generalization24 May 2025
- 2025Boosting Open Set Recognition Performance through Modulated Representation Learning23 May 2025
- 2025Forensic Self-Descriptions Are All You Need for Zero-Shot Detection, Open-Set Source Attribution, and Clustering of AI-generated Images26 Mar 2025
- 2025BackMix: Regularizing Open Set Recognition by Removing Underlying Fore-Background Priors22 Mar 2025
12 newest of 110 All 110 (JSON)