Uncertainty-Aware Deep Multi-View Photometric Stereo
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a simple and effective solution to the longstanding classical multi-view photometric stereo (MVPS) problem. It is well-known that photometric stereo (PS) is excellent at recovering high-frequency surface details, whereas multi-view stereo (MVS) can help remove the low-frequency distortion due to PS and retain the global geometry of the shape. This paper proposes an approach that can effectively utilize such complementary strengths of PS and MVS. Our key idea is to combine them suitably while considering the per-pixel uncertainty of their estimates. To this end, we estimate per-pixel surface normals and depth using an uncertainty-aware deep-PS network and deep-MVS network, respectively. Uncertainty modeling helps select reliable surface normal and depth estimates at each pixel which then act as a true representative of the dense surface geometry. At each pixel, our approach either selects or discards deep-PS and deep-MVS network prediction depending on the prediction uncertainty measure. For dense, detailed, and precise inference of the object's surface profile, we propose to learn the implicit neural shape representation via a multilayer perceptron (MLP). Our approach encourages the MLP to converge to a natural zero-level set surface using the confident prediction from deep-PS and deep-MVS networks, providing superior dense surface reconstruction. Extensive experiments on the DiLiGenT-MV benchmark dataset show that our method provides high-quality shape recovery with a much lower memory footprint while outperforming almost all of the existing approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2022.
Builds on
31 of 72 references.
References · 31
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
- 2015Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learningcited by 4,416
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 780
- 2020Implicit Geometric Regularization for Learning Shapescited by 707
- 2021A Survey of Uncertainty in Deep Neural Networkscited by 675
- 2018DeepMVS: Learning Multi-view Stereopsiscited by 277
- 2019Group-wise Correlation Stereo Networkcited by 235
- 2016Shape Completion using 3D-Encoder-Predictor CNNs and Shape Synthesiscited by 219
- 2020PatchmatchNet: Learned Multi-View Patchmatch Stereocited by 204
- 2020AANet: Adaptive Aggregation Network for Efficient Stereo Matchingcited by 202
- 2015Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks with Bernoulli Approximate Variational Inferencecited by 159
19 more
- 2019SDFDiff: Differentiable Rendering of Signed Distance Fields for 3D Shape Optimizationcited by 159
- 2019Point-Based Multi-View Stereo Networkcited by 147
- 2017SurfaceNet: An End-to-end 3D Neural Network for Multiview Stereopsiscited by 128
- 2019Multi-Scale Geometric Consistency Guided Multi-View Stereocited by 105
- 2019Learning Inverse Depth Regression for Multi-View Stereo with Correlation Cost Volumecited by 59
- 2020Multi-View Photometric Stereo: A Robust Solution and Benchmark Dataset for Spatially Varying Isotropic Materialscited by 56
- 2019Deep Level Sets: Implicit Surface Representations for 3D Shape Inferencecited by 52
- 2019Self-calibrating Deep Photometric Stereo Networkscited by 47
- 2018CNN-PS: CNN-based Photometric Stereo for General Non-Convex Surfacescited by 45
- 2018Neural Inverse Rendering for General Reflectance Photometric Stereocited by 35
- 2020PVSNet: Pixelwise Visibility-Aware Multi-View Stereo Networkcited by 35
- 2020Uncalibrated Neural Inverse Rendering for Photometric Stereo of General Surfacescited by 33
- 2017Monocular Dense 3D Reconstruction of a Complex Dynamic Scene from Two Perspective Framescited by 27
- 2021Neural Radiance Fields Approach to Deep Multi-View Photometric Stereocited by 25
- 2018A Differential Volumetric Approach to Multi-View Photometric Stereocited by 24
- 2019Superpixel Soup: Monocular Dense 3D Reconstruction of a Complex Dynamic Scenecited by 22
- 2017Deep Learning: A Bayesian Perspectivecited by 20
- 2021Neural Architecture Search for Efficient Uncalibrated Deep Photometric Stereocited by 7
- 2017Variational Methods for Normal Integrationcited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 8; 2024: 8; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
30 papers.
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- 2022PS-NeRF: Neural Inverse Rendering for Multi-view Photometric Stereocited by 69
- 2023VA-DepthNet: A Variational Approach to Single Image Depth Predictioncited by 54
- 2024SAGS: Structure-Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 21
- 2023MVPSNet: Fast Generalizable Multi-view Photometric Stereocited by 18
- 2023SuperNormal: Neural Surface Reconstruction via Multi-View Normal Integrationcited by 18
- 2022Multi-View Photometric Stereo Revisitedcited by 17
- 2023Multi-View Azimuth Stereo via Tangent Space Consistencycited by 16
- 2025MonoInstance: Enhancing Monocular Priors via Multi-view Instance Alignment for Neural Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 15
- 2023Single Image Depth Prediction Made Better: A Multivariate Gaussian Takecited by 14
- 2023RNb-NeuS: Reflectance and Normal-based Multi-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2022Relightable Neural Human Assets from Multi-view Gradient Illuminationscited by 11
- 2022nLMVS-Net: Deep Non-Lambertian Multi-View Stereocited by 10
18 more
- 2022Deep Learning Methods for Calibrated Photometric Stereo and Beyondcited by 10
- 2024Normal-guided Detail-Preserving Neural Implicit Function for High-Fidelity 3D Surface Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2024Sparse Views, Near Light: A Practical Paradigm for Uncalibrated Point-light Photometric Stereocited by 5
- 2025Multi-view Surface Reconstruction Using Normal and Reflectance Cuescited by 5
- 2024NPLMV-PS: Neural Point-Light Multi-View Photometric Stereocited by 4
- 2024PRM: Photometric Stereo based Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 4
- 2023A Neural Height-Map Approach for the Binocular Photometric Stereo Problemcited by 3
- 2024LUCES-MV: A Multi-View Dataset for Near-Field Point Light Source Photometric Stereocited by 2
- 2023A Dual-Perspective Approach to Evaluating Feature Attribution Methodscited by 1
- 2025Mobile Robotic Multi-View Photometric Stereocited by 1
- 2025Endoscopic Depth Estimation Based on Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 1
- 2024Probabilistic Contrastive Learning with Explicit Concentration on the Hyperspherecited by 0
- 2024Evidential Transformers for Improved Image Retrievalcited by 0
- 2025Neural Multi-View Self-Calibrated Photometric Stereo without Photometric Stereo Cuescited by 0
- 2026EvalMVX: A Unified Benchmarking for Neural 3D Reconstruction under Diverse Multiview Setupscited by 0
- 2026High-fidelity Multi-view Normal Integration with Scale-encoded Neural Surface Representationcited by 0
- 20263D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Retrospective Dynamic Scene Novel View Synthesis with a Standardized Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026Integrating Multi-view Multi-light Surface Reconstruction into Cultural Heritage Workflowscited by 0
- 2026Integrating Multi-view Multi-light Surface Reconstruction into Cultural Heritage Workflows14 Sep 2026
- 20263D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Retrospective Dynamic Scene Novel View Synthesis with a Standardized Benchmark12 May 2026
- 2026High-fidelity Multi-view Normal Integration with Scale-encoded Neural Surface Representation20 Mar 2026
- 2026EvalMVX: A Unified Benchmarking for Neural 3D Reconstruction under Diverse Multiview Setups27 Feb 2026
- 2025Neural Multi-View Self-Calibrated Photometric Stereo without Photometric Stereo Cues30 Jul 2025
- 2025Endoscopic Depth Estimation Based on Deep Learning: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Multi-view Surface Reconstruction Using Normal and Reflectance Cues4 Jun 2025
- 2025MonoInstance: Enhancing Monocular Priors via Multi-view Instance Alignment for Neural Rendering and Reconstruction24 Mar 2025
- 2025Mobile Robotic Multi-View Photometric Stereo15 Feb 2025
- 2024LUCES-MV: A Multi-View Dataset for Near-Field Point Light Source Photometric Stereo21 Dec 2024
- 2024PRM: Photometric Stereo based Large Reconstruction Model10 Dec 2024
- 2024Evidential Transformers for Improved Image Retrieval2 Sep 2024
18 more
- 2024Normal-guided Detail-Preserving Neural Implicit Function for High-Fidelity 3D Surface Reconstruction7 Jun 2024
- 2024Probabilistic Contrastive Learning with Explicit Concentration on the Hypersphere26 May 2024
- 2024NPLMV-PS: Neural Point-Light Multi-View Photometric Stereo20 May 2024
- 2024SAGS: Structure-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting29 Apr 2024
- 2024Sparse Views, Near Light: A Practical Paradigm for Uncalibrated Point-light Photometric Stereo29 Mar 2024
- 2023SuperNormal: Neural Surface Reconstruction via Multi-View Normal Integration8 Dec 2023
- 2023RNb-NeuS: Reflectance and Normal-based Multi-View 3D Reconstruction2 Dec 2023
- 2023A Neural Height-Map Approach for the Binocular Photometric Stereo Problem10 Nov 2023
- 2023A Dual-Perspective Approach to Evaluating Feature Attribution Methods17 Aug 2023
- 2023MVPSNet: Fast Generalizable Multi-view Photometric Stereo18 May 2023
- 2023Single Image Depth Prediction Made Better: A Multivariate Gaussian Take31 Mar 2023
- 2023Multi-View Azimuth Stereo via Tangent Space Consistency29 Mar 2023
- 2023VA-DepthNet: A Variational Approach to Single Image Depth Prediction13 Feb 2023
- 2022Deep Learning Methods for Calibrated Photometric Stereo and Beyond16 Dec 2022
- 2022Relightable Neural Human Assets from Multi-view Gradient Illuminations15 Dec 2022
- 2022Multi-View Photometric Stereo Revisited14 Oct 2022
- 2022nLMVS-Net: Deep Non-Lambertian Multi-View Stereo25 Jul 2022
- 2022PS-NeRF: Neural Inverse Rendering for Multi-view Photometric Stereo23 Jul 2022
- 2022PS-NeRF: Neural Inverse Rendering for Multi-view Photometric Stereocited by 69
- 2023VA-DepthNet: A Variational Approach to Single Image Depth Predictioncited by 54
- 2024SAGS: Structure-Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 21
- 2023MVPSNet: Fast Generalizable Multi-view Photometric Stereocited by 18
- 2023SuperNormal: Neural Surface Reconstruction via Multi-View Normal Integrationcited by 18
- 2022Multi-View Photometric Stereo Revisitedcited by 17
- 2023Multi-View Azimuth Stereo via Tangent Space Consistencycited by 16
- 2025MonoInstance: Enhancing Monocular Priors via Multi-view Instance Alignment for Neural Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 15
- 2023Single Image Depth Prediction Made Better: A Multivariate Gaussian Takecited by 14
- 2023RNb-NeuS: Reflectance and Normal-based Multi-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2022Relightable Neural Human Assets from Multi-view Gradient Illuminationscited by 11
- 2022nLMVS-Net: Deep Non-Lambertian Multi-View Stereocited by 10
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026Integrating Multi-view Multi-light Surface Reconstruction into Cultural Heritage Workflows14 Sep 2026
- 20263D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Retrospective Dynamic Scene Novel View Synthesis with a Standardized Benchmark12 May 2026
- 2026High-fidelity Multi-view Normal Integration with Scale-encoded Neural Surface Representation20 Mar 2026
- 2026EvalMVX: A Unified Benchmarking for Neural 3D Reconstruction under Diverse Multiview Setups27 Feb 2026
- 2025Neural Multi-View Self-Calibrated Photometric Stereo without Photometric Stereo Cues30 Jul 2025
- 2025Endoscopic Depth Estimation Based on Deep Learning: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Multi-view Surface Reconstruction Using Normal and Reflectance Cues4 Jun 2025
- 2025MonoInstance: Enhancing Monocular Priors via Multi-view Instance Alignment for Neural Rendering and Reconstruction24 Mar 2025
- 2025Mobile Robotic Multi-View Photometric Stereo15 Feb 2025
- 2024LUCES-MV: A Multi-View Dataset for Near-Field Point Light Source Photometric Stereo21 Dec 2024
- 2024PRM: Photometric Stereo based Large Reconstruction Model10 Dec 2024
- 2024Evidential Transformers for Improved Image Retrieval2 Sep 2024
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)