mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

NTU4DRadLM: 4D Radar-centric Multi-Modal Dataset for Localization and Mapping

arXiv 2309.00962 ↗First posted 2 Sep 2023cs.RO cs.CVcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is moving towards a robust perception age. However, LiDAR- and visual- SLAM may easily fail in adverse conditions (rain, snow, smoke and fog, etc.). In comparison, SLAM based on 4D Radar, thermal camera and IMU can work robustly. But only a few literature can be found. A major reason is the lack of related datasets, which seriously hinders the research. Even though some datasets are proposed based on 4D radar in past four years, they are mainly designed for object detection, rather than SLAM. Furthermore, they normally do not include thermal camera. Therefore, in this paper, NTU4DRadLM is presented to meet this requirement. The main characteristics are: 1) It is the only dataset that simultaneously includes all 6 sensors: 4D radar, thermal camera, IMU, 3D LiDAR, visual camera and RTK GPS. 2) Specifically designed for SLAM tasks, which provides fine-tuned ground truth odometry and intentionally formulated loop closures. 3) Considered both low-speed robot platform and fast-speed unmanned vehicle platform. 4) Covered structured, unstructured and semi-structured environments. 5) Considered both middle- and large- scale outdoor environments, i.e., the 6 trajectories range from 246m to 6.95km. 6) Comprehensively evaluated three types of SLAM algorithms. Totally, the dataset is around 17.6km, 85mins, 50GB and it will be accessible from this link: https://github.com/junzhang2016/NTU4DRadLM

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Sep 2023.

Builds on

11 of 40 references.

References · 11

  1. 2017VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimatorcited by 418
  2. 2020LIO-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mappingcited by 185
  3. 2022K-Radar: 4D Radar Object Detection for Autonomous Driving in Various Weather Conditionscited by 107
  4. 2022TJ4DRadSet: A 4D Radar Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 74
  5. 2020FAST-LIO: A Fast, Robust LiDAR-inertial Odometry Package by Tightly-Coupled Iterated Kalman Filtercited by 70
  6. 2021Raw High-Definition Radar for Multi-Task Learningcited by 69
  7. 2021ColoRadar: The Direct 3D Millimeter Wave Radar Datasetcited by 21
  8. 20234D iRIOM: 4D Imaging Radar Inertial Odometry and Mappingcited by 14
  9. 2021R2LIVE: A Robust, Real-time, LiDAR-Inertial-Visual tightly-coupled state Estimator and mappingcited by 12
  10. 2021Resource and Response Aware Path Planning for Long-term Autonomy of Ground Robots in Agriculturecited by 3
  11. 2022Continuous-time Radar-inertial Odometry for Automotive Radarscited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.

17 papers.

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  1. 2023PLGSLAM: Progressive Neural Scene Represenation with Local to Global Bundle Adjustmentcited by 62
  2. 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 32
  3. 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
  4. 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 21
  5. 2024RIDERS: Radar-Infrared Depth Estimation for Robust Sensingcited by 5
  6. 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAMcited by 5
  7. 20254D mmWave Radar for Sensing Enhancement in Adverse Environments: Advances and Challengescited by 4
  8. 2025USVTrack: USV-Based 4D Radar-Camera Tracking Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Inland Waterwayscited by 4
  9. 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detectioncited by 3
  10. 20254D-ROLLS: 4D Radar Occupancy Learning via LiDAR Supervisioncited by 3
  11. 2025Equi-RO: A 4D mmWave Radar Odometry via Equivariant Networkscited by 2
  12. 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roadscited by 1
5 more
  1. 2025Registering the 4D Millimeter Wave Radar Point Clouds Via Generalized Method of Momentscited by 0
  2. 2025Rad-GS: Radar-Vision Integration for 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM in Outdoor Environmentscited by 0
  3. 20264DRaL: Bridging 4D Radar with LiDAR for Place Recognition using Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
  4. 20264D Radar Perception Algorithms for Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 0
  5. 2026RCVLA: 4D Radar-Grounded Semantic Reasoning and Trajectory Arbitration for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0