mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Don't Generate Me: Training Differentially Private Generative Models with Sinkhorn Divergence

arXiv 2111.01177 ↗First posted 1 Nov 2021cs.LG cs.CRcited by 54

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Abstract (arXiv)

Although machine learning models trained on massive data have led to break-throughs in several areas, their deployment in privacy-sensitive domains remains limited due to restricted access to data. Generative models trained with privacy constraints on private data can sidestep this challenge, providing indirect access to private data instead. We propose DP-Sinkhorn, a novel optimal transport-based generative method for learning data distributions from private data with differential privacy. DP-Sinkhorn minimizes the Sinkhorn divergence, a computationally efficient approximation to the exact optimal transport distance, between the model and data in a differentially private manner and uses a novel technique for control-ling the bias-variance trade-off of gradient estimates. Unlike existing approaches for training differentially private generative models, which are mostly based on generative adversarial networks, we do not rely on adversarial objectives, which are notoriously difficult to optimize, especially in the presence of noise imposed by privacy constraints. Hence, DP-Sinkhorn is easy to train and deploy. Experimentally, we improve upon the state-of-the-art on multiple image modeling benchmarks and show differentially private synthesis of informative RGB images. Project page:https://nv-tlabs.github.io/DP-Sinkhorn.

Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Nov 2021.

Builds on

37 of 57 references.

References · 37

  1. 2017Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithmscited by 4,283
  2. 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
  3. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  4. 2016Deep Learning with Differential Privacycited by 2,682
  5. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
  6. 2013Sinkhorn Distances: Lightspeed Computation of Optimal Transportation Distancescited by 2,277
  7. 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,223
  8. 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,048
  9. 2016WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audiocited by 1,710
  10. 2018Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,618
  11. 2018Computational Optimal Transportcited by 765
  12. 2018Which Training Methods for GANs do actually Converge?cited by 672
25 more
  1. 2017Renyi Differential Privacycited by 643
  2. 2017Wasserstein GANcited by 635
  3. 2019On Variational Bounds of Mutual Informationcited by 550
  4. 2017Towards Principled Methods for Training Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 460
  5. 2016Semi-supervised Knowledge Transfer for Deep Learning from Private Training Datacited by 347
  6. 2018Deep Face Recognition: A Surveycited by 275
  7. 2018Privacy Amplification by Subsampling: Tight Analyses via Couplings and Divergencescited by 237
  8. 2018Differentially Private Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 235
  9. 2018Subsampled R'enyi Differential Privacy and Analytical Moments Accountantcited by 234
  10. 2018Improving GANs Using Optimal Transportcited by 122
  11. 2020DP-CGAN: Differentially Private Synthetic Data and Label Generationcited by 118
  12. 2020GS-WGAN: A Gradient-Sanitized Approach for Learning Differentially Private Generatorscited by 117
  13. 2019Fair Generative Modeling via Weak Supervisioncited by 114
  14. 2017The Numerics of GANscited by 104
  15. 2019Generative Models for Effective ML on Private, Decentralized Datasetscited by 85
  16. 2019Bias Correction of Learned Generative Models using Likelihood-Free Importance Weightingcited by 70
  17. 2019Fair Decision Making using Privacy-Protected Datacited by 58
  18. 2020Inclusive GAN: Improving Data and Minority Coverage in Generative Modelscited by 44
  19. 2017From optimal transport to generative modeling: the VEGAN cookbookcited by 41
  20. 2017Differentially Private Mixture of Generative Neural Networkscited by 39
  21. 2019Differentially Private Generative Adversarial Networks for Time Series, Continuous, and Discrete Open Datacited by 31
  22. 2021DataLens: Scalable Privacy Preserving Training via Gradient Compression and Aggregationcited by 31
  23. 2021This Person (Probably) Exists. Identity Membership Attacks Against GAN Generated Facescited by 25
  24. 2020P3GM: Private High-Dimensional Data Release via Privacy Preserving Phased Generative Modelcited by 21
  25. 2021Self-Diagnosing GAN: Diagnosing Underrepresented Samples in Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 13

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 10; 2023: 20; 2024: 11; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.

54 papers.

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  1. 2022Privacy for Free: How does Dataset Condensation Help Privacy?cited by 119
  2. 2022Differentially Private Diffusion Modelscited by 118
  3. 2023Machine Learning for Synthetic Data Generation: A Reviewcited by 118
  4. 2023Data Distillation: A Surveycited by 86
  5. 2023Differentially Private Diffusion Models Generate Useful Synthetic Imagescited by 85
  6. 2023Membership Inference Attacks against Synthetic Data through Overfitting Detectioncited by 66
  7. 2023Recent Advances in Optimal Transport for Machine Learningcited by 66
  8. 2024SynthCLIP: Are We Ready for a Fully Synthetic CLIP Training?cited by 64
  9. 2023Differentially Private Synthetic Data via Foundation Model APIs 1: Imagescited by 63
  10. 2023SoK: Privacy-Preserving Data Synthesiscited by 37
  11. 2022Private Set Generation with Discriminative Informationcited by 34
  12. 2024PrE-Text: Training Language Models on Private Federated Data in the Age of LLMscited by 29
38 more
  1. 2022Pre-trained Perceptual Features Improve Differentially Private Image Generationcited by 28
  2. 2023DP-LDMs: Differentially Private Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 28
  3. 2024Differentially Private Fine-Tuning of Diffusion Modelscited by 18
  4. 2023Private GANs, Revisitedcited by 17
  5. 2023Differentially Private Neural Tangent Kernels for Privacy-Preserving Data Generationcited by 15
  6. 2022DPD-fVAE: Synthetic Data Generation Using Federated Variational Autoencoders With Differentially-Private Decodercited by 14
  7. 2022DP2-VAE: Differentially Private Pre-trained Variational Autoencoderscited by 13
  8. 2025Differentially Private Synthetic Data via APIs 3: Using Simulators Instead of Foundation Modelcited by 13
  9. 2022Distributional Reinforcement Learning with Regularized Wasserstein Losscited by 8
  10. 2024Privacy-preserving data release leveraging optimal transport and particle gradient descentcited by 8
  11. 2023Safeguarding Data in Multimodal AI: A Differentially Private Approach to CLIP Trainingcited by 7
  12. 2022FaceMAE: Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition via Masked Autoencoderscited by 6
  13. 2023A Unified View of Differentially Private Deep Generative Modelingcited by 4
  14. 2023Differentially Private Gradient Flow based on the Sliced Wasserstein Distancecited by 4
  15. 2025EchoFlow: A Foundation Model for Cardiac Ultrasound Image and Video Generationcited by 4
  16. 2025Improving Noise Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Dataset Distillationcited by 4
  17. 2024PFGuard: A Generative Framework with Privacy and Fairness Safeguardscited by 3
  18. 2022NeuroMixGDP: A Neural Collapse-Inspired Random Mixup for Private Data Releasecited by 2
  19. 2023Robust Representation Learning for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning: A Multi-Objective Autoencoder Approachcited by 2
  20. 2024Learning Differentially Private Diffusion Models via Stochastic Adversarial Distillationcited by 2
  21. 2024Privacy without Noisy Gradients: Slicing Mechanism for Generative Model Trainingcited by 2
  22. 2025Private Text Generation by Seeding Large Language Model Promptscited by 2
  23. 2025Private Evolution Convergescited by 2
  24. 2022IPProtect: protecting the intellectual property of visual datasets during data valuationcited by 1
  25. 2023Differentially Private Kernel Inducing Points using features from ScatterNets (DP-KIP-ScatterNet) for Privacy Preserving Data Distillationcited by 1
  26. 2023Training generative models from privatized datacited by 1
  27. 2024Efficient Differentially Private Fine-Tuning of Diffusion Modelscited by 1
  28. 2024DP-CDA: An Algorithm for Enhanced Privacy Preservation in Dataset Synthesis Through Randomized Mixingcited by 1
  29. 2025Optimal Differentially Private Sampling of Unbounded Gaussianscited by 1
  30. 2025SoK: Can Synthetic Images Replace Real Data? A Survey of Utility and Privacy of Synthetic Image Generationcited by 1
  31. 2023DPAF: Image Synthesis via Differentially Private Aggregation in Forward Phasecited by 0
  32. 2023Private Gradient Estimation is Useful for Generative Modelingcited by 0
  33. 2023Large-Scale Public Data Improves Differentially Private Image Generation Qualitycited by 0
  34. 2023PAC Privacy Preserving Diffusion Modelscited by 0
  35. 2024Privacy-Preserving Student Learning with Differentially Private Data-Free Distillationcited by 0
  36. 2024Expert Routing with Synthetic Data for Continual Learningcited by 0
  37. 2025VP-NTK: Exploring the Benefits of Visual Prompting in Differentially Private Data Synthesiscited by 0
  38. 2026Differential Privacy Image Generation with Reconstruction Loss and Noise Injection Using an Error Feedback SGDcited by 0

50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)