Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multispectral image pairs can provide the combined information, making object detection applications more reliable and robust in the open world. To fully exploit the different modalities, we present a simple yet effective cross-modality feature fusion approach, named Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer (CFT) in this paper. Unlike prior CNNs-based works, guided by the transformer scheme, our network learns long-range dependencies and integrates global contextual information in the feature extraction stage. More importantly, by leveraging the self attention of the transformer, the network can naturally carry out simultaneous intra-modality and inter-modality fusion, and robustly capture the latent interactions between RGB and Thermal domains, thereby significantly improving the performance of multispectral object detection. Extensive experiments and ablation studies on multiple datasets demonstrate that our approach is effective and achieves state-of-the-art detection performance. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/DocF/multispectral-object-detection.
Key facts. Cited by 86 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Oct 2021.
Builds on
29 of 50 references.
References · 29
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17 more
- 2018ShuffleNet V2: Practical Guidelines for Efficient CNN Architecture Designcited by 1,136
- 2019EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detectioncited by 1,020
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- 2020Multi-modal Transformer for Video Retrievalcited by 395
- 2019Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 263
- 2021LLVIP: A Visible-infrared Paired Dataset for Low-light Visioncited by 231
- 2020Multi-modal Dense Video Captioningcited by 113
- 2020Learning to Generate Diverse Dance Motions with Transformercited by 85
- 2020Multispectral Fusion for Object Detection with Cyclic Fuse-and-Refine Blockscited by 85
- 2016Multispectral Deep Neural Networks for Pedestrian Detectioncited by 82
- 2021MDMMT: Multidomain Multimodal Transformer for Video Retrievalcited by 78
- 2018Illumination-aware Faster R-CNN for Robust Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 74
- 2020Into the Wild with AudioScope: Unsupervised Audio-Visual Separation of On-Screen Soundscited by 55
- 2018Multispectral Pedestrian Detection via Simultaneous Detection and Segmentationcited by 49
- 2019GFD-SSD: Gated Fusion Double SSD for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 12
- 2019SSSDET: Simple Short and Shallow Network for Resource Efficient Vehicle Detection in Aerial Scenescited by 5
- 2021FFAVOD: Feature Fusion Architecture for Video Object Detectioncited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 8; 2024: 21; 2025: 26; 2026: 26.
86 papers.
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- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 400
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detectioncited by 67
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2024E2E-MFD: Towards End-to-End Synchronous Multimodal Fusion Detectioncited by 21
- 2022Cross-Modality High-Frequency Transformer for MR Image Super-Resolutioncited by 20
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 19
- 2024COMO: Cross-Mamba Interaction and Offset-Guided Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2023RGB-X Object Detection via Scene-Specific Fusion Modulescited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 14
38 more
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- 2024Causal Mode Multiplexer: A Novel Framework for Unbiased Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2022Guided Hybrid Quantization for Object detection in Multimodal Remote Sensing Imagery via One-to-one Self-teachingcited by 12
- 2023Weakly Supervised Video Representation Learning with Unaligned Text for Sequential Videoscited by 10
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Datasetcited by 10
- 2024Cross-Modal Fusion and Attention Mechanism for Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 10
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 8
- 2024CFMW: Cross-modality Fusion Mamba for Robust Object Detection under Adverse Weathercited by 8
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Visioncited by 8
- 2023MuG: A Multimodal Classification Benchmark on Game Data with Tabular, Textual, and Visual Fieldscited by 6
- 2024MambaST: A Plug-and-Play Cross-Spectral Spatial-Temporal Fuser for Efficient Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
- 2025Multispectral State-Space Feature Fusion: Bridging Shared and Cross-Parametric Interactions for Object Detectioncited by 6
- 2024MiPa: Mixed Patch Infrared-Visible Modality Agnostic Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2025C3-OWD: A Curriculum Cross-modal Contrastive Learning Framework for Open-World Detectioncited by 5
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Mixture of Scale Experts for Alignment-free RGBT Video Object Detection and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 4
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 4
- 2025Cross-modal Offset-guided Dynamic Alignment and Fusion for Weakly Aligned UAV Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2023Fuse It or Lose It: Deep Fusion for Multimodal Simulation-Based Inferencecited by 3
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2024DiffX: Guide Your Layout to Cross-Modal Generative Modelingcited by 3
- 2025YOLOv11-RGBT: Towards a Comprehensive Single-Stage Multispectral Object Detection Frameworkcited by 3
- 2025SMART-Ship: A Comprehensive Synchronized Multi-modal Aligned Remote Sensing Targets Dataset and Benchmark for Berthed Ships Analysiscited by 3
- 2023Multimodal Transformer Using Cross-Channel attention for Object Detection in Remote Sensing Imagescited by 2
- 2023Contrastive Learning-Based Spectral Knowledge Distillation for Multi-Modality and Missing Modality Scenarios in Semantic Segmentationcited by 2
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- 2025IRDFusion: Iterative Relation-Map Difference guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025SFFR: Spatial-Frequency Feature Reconstruction for Multispectral Aerial Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Towards Robust Optical-SAR Object Detection under Missing Modalities: A Dynamic Quality-Aware Fusion Frameworkcited by 2
- 2026How Do Optical Flow and Textual Prompts Collaborate to Assist in Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentation?cited by 2
- 2024FoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation Model beyond Multimodal Siamese Networkcited by 1
- 2024IV-tuning: Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for Infrared-Visible Taskscited by 1
- 2025AlignFreeNet: Is Cross-Modal Pre-Alignment Necessary? An End-to-End Alignment-Free Lightweight Network for Visible-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025DOD-SA: Infrared-Visible Decoupled Object Detection with Single-Modality Annotationscited by 1
- 2025Contrast-Guided Cross-Modal Distillation for Thermal Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025On Modality Incomplete Infrared-Visible Object Detection: An Architecture Compatibility Perspectivecited by 1
- 2025Representation Space Constrained Learning with Modality Decoupling for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 1
50 most cited of 86 All 86 (JSON)
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- 2026Dimensionality reduction for AI based hyperspectral image classification based on XAI16 Sep 2026
- 2026Residual Optimal Transport-Based Experts Collaboration Towards Modality-Aware Infrared-Visible Object Detection3 Sep 2026
- 2026EGM-Det: Entropy-Guided Multimodal Adaptive Fusion for UAV RGB-IR Object Detection12 Aug 2026
- 2026ProtoHGF-Net: Prototype HyperGraph Fusion with Intra-modal Calibration for RGBT Object Detection12 Aug 2026
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registration11 Aug 2026
- 2026CFGPNet: Cross-Attention-Based Fused Gradient Programmed Network Framework for Multispectral Object Detection6 Aug 2026
- 2026RegisterBridgeMM: A Register-Centric Framework for RGB-Infrared Object Detection5 Aug 2026
- 2026DRPFNet: Dual-domain Residual Progressive Fusion Network for RGB-Thermal Object Detection4 Aug 2026
- 2026Deep Multimodal Fusion Detection through Spatial Mask and Channel Competition3 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Symmetric Fusion: Exploiting Task-Dependent Modality Strengths for RGB-Event Small Object Detection2 Aug 2026
- 2026Dual-Correlation Hypergraph Network for Unaligned RGBT Video Object Detection and A Large-scale Benchmark9 Jul 2026
38 more
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- 2026Dual Sparse Aggregation Transformer for Multispectral Object Detection30 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficient RGB-T Object Detection via Sparse Cross-Modality Fusion29 Jun 2026
- 2026Progressive Pixel-Neighborhood Deformable Cross-Attention for Multispectral Object Detection23 Jun 2026
- 2026FreqKD: Frequency-Decoupled Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Object Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026LER-YOLO: Reliability-Aware Expert Routing for Misaligned RGB-Infrared UAV Detection20 May 2026
- 2026WD-FQDet: Multispectral Detection Transformer via Wavelet Decomposition and Frequency-aware Query Learning13 May 2026
- 2026Bridging the RGB-IR Gap: Consensus and Discrepancy Modeling for Text-Guided Multispectral Detection13 Apr 2026
- 2026Robust Pedestrian Detection with Uncertain Modality6 Feb 2026
- 2026Strip-Fusion: Spatiotemporal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection25 Jan 2026
- 2026M2I2HA: Multi-modal Object Detection Based on Intra- and Inter-Modal Hypergraph Attention21 Jan 2026
- 2026Disentangle Object and Non-object Infrared Features via Language Guidance14 Jan 2026
- 2026Modality-Decoupled RGB-Thermal Object Detector via Query Fusion13 Jan 2026
- 2026How Do Optical Flow and Textual Prompts Collaborate to Assist in Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentation?13 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Robust Optical-SAR Object Detection under Missing Modalities: A Dynamic Quality-Aware Fusion Framework27 Dec 2025
- 2025PACGNet: Pyramidal Adaptive Cross-Gating Network for Multimodal Object Detection in Aerial Imagery20 Dec 2025
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- 2025MambaRefine-YOLO: A Dual-Modality Small Object Detector for UAV Imagery24 Nov 2025
- 2025Representation Space Constrained Learning with Modality Decoupling for Multimodal Object Detection19 Nov 2025
- 2025On Modality Incomplete Infrared-Visible Object Detection: An Architecture Compatibility Perspective9 Nov 2025
- 2025SFFR: Spatial-Frequency Feature Reconstruction for Multispectral Aerial Object Detection9 Nov 2025
- 2025Contrast-Guided Cross-Modal Distillation for Thermal Object Detection3 Nov 2025
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- 2025C3-OWD: A Curriculum Cross-modal Contrastive Learning Framework for Open-World Detection27 Sep 2025
- 2025IRDFusion: Iterative Relation-Map Difference guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detection11 Sep 2025
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025DOD-SA: Infrared-Visible Decoupled Object Detection with Single-Modality Annotations14 Aug 2025
- 2025COXNet: Cross-Layer Fusion with Adaptive Alignment and Scale Integration for RGBT Tiny Object Detection13 Aug 2025
- 2025SMART-Ship: A Comprehensive Synchronized Multi-modal Aligned Remote Sensing Targets Dataset and Benchmark for Berthed Ships Analysis4 Aug 2025
- 2025AlignFreeNet: Is Cross-Modal Pre-Alignment Necessary? An End-to-End Alignment-Free Lightweight Network for Visible-Infrared Object Detection27 Jul 2025
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detection24 Jul 2025
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Vision22 Jul 2025
- 2025Multispectral State-Space Feature Fusion: Bridging Shared and Cross-Parametric Interactions for Object Detection19 Jul 2025
- 2025LASFNet: A Lightweight Attention-Guided Self-Modulation Feature Fusion Network for Multimodal Object Detection26 Jun 2025
- 2025Cross-modal Offset-guided Dynamic Alignment and Fusion for Weakly Aligned UAV Object Detection20 Jun 2025
- 2025YOLOv11-RGBT: Towards a Comprehensive Single-Stage Multispectral Object Detection Framework17 Jun 2025
- 2025Multispectral Detection Transformer with Infrared-Centric Feature Fusion21 May 2025
- 2025A High-Performance Thermal Infrared Object Detection Framework with Centralized Regulation16 May 2025
50 newest of 86 All 86 (JSON)
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detectioncited by 67
- 2024COMO: Cross-Mamba Interaction and Offset-Guided Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2024CFMW: Cross-modality Fusion Mamba for Robust Object Detection under Adverse Weathercited by 8
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detection24 Jul 2025
- 2024COMO: Cross-Mamba Interaction and Offset-Guided Fusion for Multimodal Object Detection24 Dec 2024
- 2024CFMW: Cross-modality Fusion Mamba for Robust Object Detection under Adverse Weather25 Apr 2024
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detection14 Apr 2024
- 2024DiffX: Guide Your Layout to Cross-Modal Generative Modeling22 Jul 2024
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 400
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2024E2E-MFD: Towards End-to-End Synchronous Multimodal Fusion Detectioncited by 21
- 2022Cross-Modality High-Frequency Transformer for MR Image Super-Resolutioncited by 20
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 19
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2023RGB-X Object Detection via Scene-Specific Fusion Modulescited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2022Unsupervised RGB-to-Thermal Domain Adaptation via Multi-Domain Attention Networkcited by 13
- 2024Causal Mode Multiplexer: A Novel Framework for Unbiased Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2022Guided Hybrid Quantization for Object detection in Multimodal Remote Sensing Imagery via One-to-one Self-teachingcited by 12
12 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2026FoCal: Frequency-Oriented Cross-Modal Interaction and Spectral Calibration for Aerial Visible-Infrared Object Detection24 Sep 2026
- 2026Dimensionality reduction for AI based hyperspectral image classification based on XAI16 Sep 2026
- 2026Residual Optimal Transport-Based Experts Collaboration Towards Modality-Aware Infrared-Visible Object Detection3 Sep 2026
- 2026EGM-Det: Entropy-Guided Multimodal Adaptive Fusion for UAV RGB-IR Object Detection12 Aug 2026
- 2026ProtoHGF-Net: Prototype HyperGraph Fusion with Intra-modal Calibration for RGBT Object Detection12 Aug 2026
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registration11 Aug 2026
- 2026CFGPNet: Cross-Attention-Based Fused Gradient Programmed Network Framework for Multispectral Object Detection6 Aug 2026
- 2026RegisterBridgeMM: A Register-Centric Framework for RGB-Infrared Object Detection5 Aug 2026
- 2026DRPFNet: Dual-domain Residual Progressive Fusion Network for RGB-Thermal Object Detection4 Aug 2026
- 2026Deep Multimodal Fusion Detection through Spatial Mask and Channel Competition3 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Symmetric Fusion: Exploiting Task-Dependent Modality Strengths for RGB-Event Small Object Detection2 Aug 2026
- 2026Dual-Correlation Hypergraph Network for Unaligned RGBT Video Object Detection and A Large-scale Benchmark9 Jul 2026
12 newest of 78 All 78 (JSON)