mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multispectral Deep Neural Networks for Pedestrian Detection

arXiv 1611.02644 ↗First posted 8 Nov 2016cs.CVcited by 82

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Abstract (arXiv)

Multispectral pedestrian detection is essential for around-the-clock applications, e.g., surveillance and autonomous driving. We deeply analyze Faster R-CNN for multispectral pedestrian detection task and then model it into a convolutional network (ConvNet) fusion problem. Further, we discover that ConvNet-based pedestrian detectors trained by color or thermal images separately provide complementary information in discriminating human instances. Thus there is a large potential to improve pedestrian detection by using color and thermal images in DNNs simultaneously. We carefully design four ConvNet fusion architectures that integrate two-branch ConvNets on different DNNs stages, all of which yield better performance compared with the baseline detector. Our experimental results on KAIST pedestrian benchmark show that the Halfway Fusion model that performs fusion on the middle-level convolutional features outperforms the baseline method by 11% and yields a missing rate 3.5% lower than the other proposed architectures.

Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Nov 2016.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 21; 2025: 15; 2026: 11.

82 papers.

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  1. 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 86
  2. 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
  3. 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
  4. 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detectioncited by 67
  5. 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
  6. 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 49
  7. 2021Cross-Modality Attentive Feature Fusion for Object Detection in Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 44
  8. 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
  9. 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
  10. 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
  11. 2024Learnable Expansion of Graph Operators for Multi-Modal Feature Fusioncited by 22
  12. 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensingcited by 19
38 more
  1. 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
  2. 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
  3. 2022DeepFusion: A Robust and Modular 3D Object Detector for Lidars, Cameras and Radarscited by 16
  4. 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
  5. 2023RGB-X Object Detection via Scene-Specific Fusion Modulescited by 15
  6. 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
  7. 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
  8. 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 14
  9. 2021Object Detection in Thermal Spectrum for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)cited by 13
  10. 2021BAANet: Learning Bi-directional Adaptive Attention Gates for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
  11. 2022Deep Learning Serves Traffic Safety Analysis: A Forward-looking Reviewcited by 13
  12. 2024Causal Mode Multiplexer: A Novel Framework for Unbiased Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
  13. 2023Cross-Modality Proposal-guided Feature Mining for Unregistered RGB-Thermal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 12
  14. 2021Siamese Infrared and Visible Light Fusion Network for RGB-T Trackingcited by 11
  15. 2021Self-training Guided Adversarial Domain Adaptation For Thermal Imagerycited by 11
  16. 2023Revisiting Modality Imbalance In Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 10
  17. 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Datasetcited by 10
  18. 2024Rethinking Early-Fusion Strategies for Improved Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 9
  19. 2024DEYOLO: Dual-Feature-Enhancement YOLO for Cross-Modality Object Detectioncited by 8
  20. 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized imagescited by 7
  21. 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoUcited by 7
  22. 2022Few-shot Adaptive Object Detection with Cross-Domain CutMixcited by 7
  23. 2024Pixel-aligned RGB-NIR Stereo Imaging and Dataset for Robot Visioncited by 7
  24. 2022Lost in Compression: the Impact of Lossy Image Compression on Variable Size Object Detection within Infrared Imagerycited by 6
  25. 2024MambaST: A Plug-and-Play Cross-Spectral Spatial-Temporal Fuser for Efficient Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
  26. 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
  27. 2025Multispectral State-Space Feature Fusion: Bridging Shared and Cross-Parametric Interactions for Object Detectioncited by 6
  28. 2023InMyFace: Inertial and Mechanomyography-Based Sensor Fusion for Wearable Facial Activity Recognitioncited by 5
  29. 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
  30. 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detectioncited by 5
  31. 2025Learning A Robust RGB-Thermal Detector for Extreme Modality Imbalancecited by 5
  32. 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
  33. 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
  34. 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detectioncited by 3
  35. 2023Spectral Transfer Guided Active Domain Adaptation For Thermal Imagerycited by 3
  36. 2023Attentive Multimodal Fusion for Optical and Scene Flowcited by 3
  37. 2024Deep Multimodal Fusion of Data with Heterogeneous Dimensionality via Projective Networkscited by 3
  38. 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3

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