Multispectral Deep Neural Networks for Pedestrian Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multispectral pedestrian detection is essential for around-the-clock applications, e.g., surveillance and autonomous driving. We deeply analyze Faster R-CNN for multispectral pedestrian detection task and then model it into a convolutional network (ConvNet) fusion problem. Further, we discover that ConvNet-based pedestrian detectors trained by color or thermal images separately provide complementary information in discriminating human instances. Thus there is a large potential to improve pedestrian detection by using color and thermal images in DNNs simultaneously. We carefully design four ConvNet fusion architectures that integrate two-branch ConvNets on different DNNs stages, all of which yield better performance compared with the baseline detector. Our experimental results on KAIST pedestrian benchmark show that the Halfway Fusion model that performs fusion on the middle-level convolutional features outperforms the baseline method by 11% and yields a missing rate 3.5% lower than the other proposed architectures.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Nov 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 21; 2025: 15; 2026: 11.
82 papers.
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- 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detectioncited by 67
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 49
- 2021Cross-Modality Attentive Feature Fusion for Object Detection in Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 44
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2024Learnable Expansion of Graph Operators for Multi-Modal Feature Fusioncited by 22
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensingcited by 19
38 more
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
- 2022DeepFusion: A Robust and Modular 3D Object Detector for Lidars, Cameras and Radarscited by 16
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2023RGB-X Object Detection via Scene-Specific Fusion Modulescited by 15
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Object Detection in Thermal Spectrum for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)cited by 13
- 2021BAANet: Learning Bi-directional Adaptive Attention Gates for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2022Deep Learning Serves Traffic Safety Analysis: A Forward-looking Reviewcited by 13
- 2024Causal Mode Multiplexer: A Novel Framework for Unbiased Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2023Cross-Modality Proposal-guided Feature Mining for Unregistered RGB-Thermal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 12
- 2021Siamese Infrared and Visible Light Fusion Network for RGB-T Trackingcited by 11
- 2021Self-training Guided Adversarial Domain Adaptation For Thermal Imagerycited by 11
- 2023Revisiting Modality Imbalance In Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 10
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Datasetcited by 10
- 2024Rethinking Early-Fusion Strategies for Improved Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024DEYOLO: Dual-Feature-Enhancement YOLO for Cross-Modality Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized imagescited by 7
- 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoUcited by 7
- 2022Few-shot Adaptive Object Detection with Cross-Domain CutMixcited by 7
- 2024Pixel-aligned RGB-NIR Stereo Imaging and Dataset for Robot Visioncited by 7
- 2022Lost in Compression: the Impact of Lossy Image Compression on Variable Size Object Detection within Infrared Imagerycited by 6
- 2024MambaST: A Plug-and-Play Cross-Spectral Spatial-Temporal Fuser for Efficient Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
- 2025Multispectral State-Space Feature Fusion: Bridging Shared and Cross-Parametric Interactions for Object Detectioncited by 6
- 2023InMyFace: Inertial and Mechanomyography-Based Sensor Fusion for Wearable Facial Activity Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2025Learning A Robust RGB-Thermal Detector for Extreme Modality Imbalancecited by 5
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detectioncited by 3
- 2023Spectral Transfer Guided Active Domain Adaptation For Thermal Imagerycited by 3
- 2023Attentive Multimodal Fusion for Optical and Scene Flowcited by 3
- 2024Deep Multimodal Fusion of Data with Heterogeneous Dimensionality via Projective Networkscited by 3
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2026Descriptor: LYNRED Mobility Dataset Multimodal Detection Subset (LYNRED-MDS)2 Jul 2026
- 2026Efficient RGB-T Object Detection via Sparse Cross-Modality Fusion29 Jun 2026
- 2026A Conditional U-Net Pipeline with Pre- and Post-Processing for Aerial RGB-to-Thermal Image Translation17 May 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Clothing Evades Visible-Thermal Detectors via Non-Overlapping RGB-T Pattern6 May 2026
- 2026Tri-Modal Fusion Transformers for UAV-based Object Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026Knowledge-Guided Adversarial Training for Infrared Object Detection via Thermal Radiation Modeling26 Mar 2026
- 2026UAV-CB: A Complex-Background RGB-T Dataset and Local Frequency Bridge Network for UAV Detection18 Mar 2026
- 2026Robust Pedestrian Detection with Uncertain Modality6 Feb 2026
- 2026Modality-Decoupled RGB-Thermal Object Detector via Query Fusion13 Jan 2026
- 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detection5 Jan 2026
- 2025PACGNet: Pyramidal Adaptive Cross-Gating Network for Multimodal Object Detection in Aerial Imagery20 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025MM-DETR: An Efficient Multimodal Detection Transformer with Mamba-Driven Dual-Granularity Fusion and Frequency-Aware Modality Adapters29 Nov 2025
- 2025Representation Space Constrained Learning with Modality Decoupling for Multimodal Object Detection19 Nov 2025
- 2025IRDFusion: Iterative Relation-Map Difference guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detection11 Sep 2025
- 2025DOD-SA: Infrared-Visible Decoupled Object Detection with Single-Modality Annotations14 Aug 2025
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detection24 Jul 2025
- 2025Multispectral State-Space Feature Fusion: Bridging Shared and Cross-Parametric Interactions for Object Detection19 Jul 2025
- 2025DGE-YOLO: Dual-Branch Gathering and Attention for Accurate UAV Object Detection29 Jun 2025
- 2025Cross-modal Offset-guided Dynamic Alignment and Fusion for Weakly Aligned UAV Object Detection20 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning A Robust RGB-Thermal Detector for Extreme Modality Imbalance28 May 2025
- 2025Transformer-Based Dual-Optical Attention Fusion Crowd Head Point Counting and Localization Network11 May 2025
- 2025Large Language Model Guided Progressive Feature Alignment for Multimodal UAV Object Detection10 Mar 2025
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detection19 Feb 2025
- 2025Mitigating the Impact of Prominent Position Shift in Drone-based RGBT Object Detection13 Feb 2025
- 2025SAR Strikes Back: A New Hope for RSVQA14 Jan 2025
- 2024DEYOLO: Dual-Feature-Enhancement YOLO for Cross-Modality Object Detection6 Dec 2024
- 2024Pixel-aligned RGB-NIR Stereo Imaging and Dataset for Robot Vision27 Nov 2024
- 2024Hierarchical mutual distillation for multi-view fusion: Learning from all possible view combinations15 Nov 2024
- 2024Hybrid Attention for Robust RGB-T Pedestrian Detection in Real-World Conditions6 Nov 2024
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detection15 Oct 2024
- 2024Learnable Expansion of Graph Operators for Multi-Modal Feature Fusion2 Oct 2024
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detection12 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaST: A Plug-and-Play Cross-Spectral Spatial-Temporal Fuser for Efficient Pedestrian Detection2 Aug 2024
- 2024FoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation Model beyond Multimodal Siamese Network23 Jul 2024
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Dataset14 Jul 2024
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensing11 Jul 2024
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Survey29 May 2024
- 2024RGB-T Object Detection via Group Shuffled Multi-receptive Attention and Multi-modal Supervision29 May 2024
- 2024Rethinking Early-Fusion Strategies for Improved Multispectral Object Detection25 May 2024
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection21 May 2024
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detection14 Apr 2024
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detection22 Mar 2024
- 2024Causal Mode Multiplexer: A Novel Framework for Unbiased Multispectral Pedestrian Detection2 Mar 2024
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusion1 Mar 2024
- 2024Deep Multimodal Fusion of Data with Heterogeneous Dimensionality via Projective Networks2 Feb 2024
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detection19 Jan 2024
- 2023Low-light Pedestrian Detection in Visible and Infrared Image Feeds: Issues and Challenges14 Nov 2023
- 2023RGB-X Object Detection via Scene-Specific Fusion Modules30 Oct 2023
- 2023Multimodal Transformer Using Cross-Channel attention for Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images21 Oct 2023
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detectioncited by 67
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensingcited by 19
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2025MM-DETR: An Efficient Multimodal Detection Transformer with Mamba-Driven Dual-Granularity Fusion and Frequency-Aware Modality Adapterscited by 0
- 2025MM-DETR: An Efficient Multimodal Detection Transformer with Mamba-Driven Dual-Granularity Fusion and Frequency-Aware Modality Adapters29 Nov 2025
- 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detection24 Jul 2025
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensing11 Jul 2024
- 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detection14 Apr 2024
- 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 49
- 2021Cross-Modality Attentive Feature Fusion for Object Detection in Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 44
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2024Learnable Expansion of Graph Operators for Multi-Modal Feature Fusioncited by 22
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
12 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2026Descriptor: LYNRED Mobility Dataset Multimodal Detection Subset (LYNRED-MDS)2 Jul 2026
- 2026Efficient RGB-T Object Detection via Sparse Cross-Modality Fusion29 Jun 2026
- 2026A Conditional U-Net Pipeline with Pre- and Post-Processing for Aerial RGB-to-Thermal Image Translation17 May 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Clothing Evades Visible-Thermal Detectors via Non-Overlapping RGB-T Pattern6 May 2026
- 2026Tri-Modal Fusion Transformers for UAV-based Object Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026Knowledge-Guided Adversarial Training for Infrared Object Detection via Thermal Radiation Modeling26 Mar 2026
- 2026UAV-CB: A Complex-Background RGB-T Dataset and Local Frequency Bridge Network for UAV Detection18 Mar 2026
- 2026Robust Pedestrian Detection with Uncertain Modality6 Feb 2026
- 2026Modality-Decoupled RGB-Thermal Object Detector via Query Fusion13 Jan 2026
- 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detection5 Jan 2026
- 2025PACGNet: Pyramidal Adaptive Cross-Gating Network for Multimodal Object Detection in Aerial Imagery20 Dec 2025
12 newest of 78 All 78 (JSON)