Multispectral Pedestrian Detection via Simultaneous Detection and Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multispectral pedestrian detection has attracted increasing attention from the research community due to its crucial competence for many around-the-clock applications (e.g., video surveillance and autonomous driving), especially under insufficient illumination conditions. We create a human baseline over the KAIST dataset and reveal that there is still a large gap between current top detectors and human performance. To narrow this gap, we propose a network fusion architecture, which consists of a multispectral proposal network to generate pedestrian proposals, and a subsequent multispectral classification network to distinguish pedestrian instances from hard negatives. The unified network is learned by jointly optimizing pedestrian detection and semantic segmentation tasks. The final detections are obtained by integrating the outputs from different modalities as well as the two stages. The approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the KAIST dataset while remain fast. Additionally, we contribute a sanitized version of training annotations for the KAIST dataset, and examine the effects caused by different kinds of annotation errors. Future research of this problem will benefit from the sanitized version which eliminates the interference of annotation errors.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 2; 2023: 13; 2024: 14; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
49 papers.
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- 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2023Unified Adversarial Patch for Visible-Infrared Cross-modal Attacks in the Physical Worldcited by 21
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuningcited by 16
37 more
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2021BAANet: Learning Bi-directional Adaptive Attention Gates for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2023Cross-Modality Proposal-guided Feature Mining for Unregistered RGB-Thermal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 12
- 2023IDD-AW: A Benchmark for Safe and Robust Segmentation of Drive Scenes in Unstructured Traffic and Adverse Weathercited by 12
- 2023Revisiting Modality Imbalance In Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 10
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Datasetcited by 10
- 2023Reproducibility of Machine Learning: Terminology, Recommendations and Open Issuescited by 8
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 8
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Visioncited by 8
- 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized imagescited by 7
- 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoUcited by 7
- 2024MambaST: A Plug-and-Play Cross-Spectral Spatial-Temporal Fuser for Efficient Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2023Breaking Modality Disparity: Harmonized Representation for Infrared and Visible Image Registrationcited by 4
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Physics-Guided Detector for SAR Airplanescited by 4
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 4
- 2021Illumination and Temperature-Aware Multispectral Networks for Edge-Computing-Enabled Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detectioncited by 3
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2021Partially fake it till you make it: mixing real and fake thermal images for improved object detectioncited by 2
- 2024RGB-T Object Detection via Group Shuffled Multi-receptive Attention and Multi-modal Supervisioncited by 2
- 2025SFFR: Spatial-Frequency Feature Reconstruction for Multispectral Aerial Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDARcited by 2
- 2025Representation Space Constrained Learning with Modality Decoupling for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Evaluating an Adaptive Multispectral Turret System for Autonomous Tracking Across Variable Illumination Conditionscited by 1
- 2021Does Thermal data make the detection systems more reliable?cited by 0
- 2023Development, Optimization, and Deployment of Thermal Forward Vision Systems for Advance Vehicular Applications on Edge Devicescited by 0
- 2023WCCNet: Wavelet-context Cooperative Network for Efficient Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 0
- 2024Hybrid Attention for Robust RGB-T Pedestrian Detection in Real-World Conditionscited by 0
- 2025PACGNet: Pyramidal Adaptive Cross-Gating Network for Multimodal Object Detection in Aerial Imagerycited by 0
- 2026Strip-Fusion: Spatiotemporal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 0
- 2026FreqKD: Frequency-Decoupled Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Descriptor: LYNRED Mobility Dataset Multimodal Detection Subset (LYNRED-MDS)cited by 0
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registrationcited by 0
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registration11 Aug 2026
- 2026Descriptor: LYNRED Mobility Dataset Multimodal Detection Subset (LYNRED-MDS)2 Jul 2026
- 2026FreqKD: Frequency-Decoupled Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Object Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2026Strip-Fusion: Spatiotemporal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection25 Jan 2026
- 2025Evaluating an Adaptive Multispectral Turret System for Autonomous Tracking Across Variable Illumination Conditions24 Dec 2025
- 2025PACGNet: Pyramidal Adaptive Cross-Gating Network for Multimodal Object Detection in Aerial Imagery20 Dec 2025
- 2025Representation Space Constrained Learning with Modality Decoupling for Multimodal Object Detection19 Nov 2025
- 2025SFFR: Spatial-Frequency Feature Reconstruction for Multispectral Aerial Object Detection9 Nov 2025
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Vision22 Jul 2025
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detection19 Feb 2025
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarks27 Nov 2024
37 more
- 2024Physics-Guided Detector for SAR Airplanes19 Nov 2024
- 2024Hybrid Attention for Robust RGB-T Pedestrian Detection in Real-World Conditions6 Nov 2024
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detection15 Oct 2024
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detection12 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaST: A Plug-and-Play Cross-Spectral Spatial-Temporal Fuser for Efficient Pedestrian Detection2 Aug 2024
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Dataset14 Jul 2024
- 2024RGB-T Object Detection via Group Shuffled Multi-receptive Attention and Multi-modal Supervision29 May 2024
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection21 May 2024
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuning26 Apr 2024
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detection22 Mar 2024
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusion1 Mar 2024
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detection19 Jan 2024
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Survey15 Jan 2024
- 2023IDD-AW: A Benchmark for Safe and Robust Segmentation of Drive Scenes in Unstructured Traffic and Adverse Weather24 Nov 2023
- 2023Cross-Modality Proposal-guided Feature Mining for Unregistered RGB-Thermal Pedestrian Detection23 Aug 2023
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detection15 Aug 2023
- 2023WCCNet: Wavelet-context Cooperative Network for Efficient Multispectral Pedestrian Detection2 Aug 2023
- 2023Unified Adversarial Patch for Visible-Infrared Cross-modal Attacks in the Physical World27 Jul 2023
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detection28 Jun 2023
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detection26 May 2023
- 2023Breaking Modality Disparity: Harmonized Representation for Infrared and Visible Image Registration12 Apr 2023
- 2023Reproducibility of Machine Learning: Terminology, Recommendations and Open Issues24 Feb 2023
- 2023Revisiting Modality Imbalance In Multimodal Pedestrian Detection24 Feb 2023
- 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detection17 Feb 2023
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimization1 Feb 2023
- 2023Development, Optimization, and Deployment of Thermal Forward Vision Systems for Advance Vehicular Applications on Edge Devices18 Jan 2023
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles19 May 2022
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detection21 Apr 2022
- 2021Illumination and Temperature-Aware Multispectral Networks for Edge-Computing-Enabled Pedestrian Detection9 Dec 2021
- 2021BAANet: Learning Bi-directional Adaptive Attention Gates for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection4 Dec 2021
- 2021Does Thermal data make the detection systems more reliable?9 Nov 2021
- 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detection30 Oct 2021
- 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoU23 Jul 2021
- 2021Partially fake it till you make it: mixing real and fake thermal images for improved object detection25 Jun 2021
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Driving26 May 2021
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensembling7 Apr 2021
- 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized images3 Feb 2021
- 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2023Unified Adversarial Patch for Visible-Infrared Cross-modal Attacks in the Physical Worldcited by 21
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuningcited by 16
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registration11 Aug 2026
- 2026Descriptor: LYNRED Mobility Dataset Multimodal Detection Subset (LYNRED-MDS)2 Jul 2026
- 2026FreqKD: Frequency-Decoupled Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Object Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2026Strip-Fusion: Spatiotemporal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection25 Jan 2026
- 2025Evaluating an Adaptive Multispectral Turret System for Autonomous Tracking Across Variable Illumination Conditions24 Dec 2025
- 2025PACGNet: Pyramidal Adaptive Cross-Gating Network for Multimodal Object Detection in Aerial Imagery20 Dec 2025
- 2025Representation Space Constrained Learning with Modality Decoupling for Multimodal Object Detection19 Nov 2025
- 2025SFFR: Spatial-Frequency Feature Reconstruction for Multispectral Aerial Object Detection9 Nov 2025
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Vision22 Jul 2025
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detection19 Feb 2025
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarks27 Nov 2024
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)