mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Illumination-aware Faster R-CNN for Robust Multispectral Pedestrian Detection

arXiv 1803.05347 ↗First posted 14 Mar 2018cs.CVcited by 74

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Abstract (arXiv)

Multispectral images of color-thermal pairs have shown more effective than a single color channel for pedestrian detection, especially under challenging illumination conditions. However, there is still a lack of studies on how to fuse the two modalities effectively. In this paper, we deeply compare six different convolutional network fusion architectures and analyse their adaptations, enabling a vanilla architecture to obtain detection performances comparable to the state-of-the-art results. Further, we discover that pedestrian detection confidences from color or thermal images are correlated with illumination conditions. With this in mind, we propose an Illumination-aware Faster R-CNN (IAF RCNN). Specifically, an Illumination-aware Network is introduced to give an illumination measure of the input image. Then we adaptively merge color and thermal sub-networks via a gate function defined over the illumination value. The experimental results on KAIST Multispectral Pedestrian Benchmark validate the effectiveness of the proposed IAF R-CNN.

Key facts. Cited by 74 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 6; 2023: 11; 2024: 18; 2025: 17; 2026: 12.

74 papers.

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  1. 2021Cross-Modality Fusion Transformer for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 86
  2. 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
  3. 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
  4. 2024Fusion-Mamba for Cross-modality Object Detectioncited by 67
  5. 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
  6. 2021Cross-Modality Attentive Feature Fusion for Object Detection in Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 44
  7. 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
  8. 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
  9. 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
  10. 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensingcited by 19
  11. 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
  12. 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
38 more
  1. 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
  2. 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuningcited by 16
  3. 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
  4. 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
  5. 2025WaveMamba: Wavelet-Driven Mamba Fusion for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 14
  6. 2021BAANet: Learning Bi-directional Adaptive Attention Gates for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
  7. 2022Deep Learning Serves Traffic Safety Analysis: A Forward-looking Reviewcited by 13
  8. 2023Cross-Modality Proposal-guided Feature Mining for Unregistered RGB-Thermal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 12
  9. 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 8
  10. 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized imagescited by 7
  11. 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoUcited by 7
  12. 2022Dynamic Conditional Imitation Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
  13. 2024SFDFusion: An Efficient Spatial-Frequency Domain Fusion Network for Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 6
  14. 2022Drone Object Detection Using RGB/IR Fusioncited by 5
  15. 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
  16. 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detectioncited by 5
  17. 2025Multispectral Pedestrian Detection with Sparsely Annotated Labelcited by 5
  18. 2025Learning A Robust RGB-Thermal Detector for Extreme Modality Imbalancecited by 5
  19. 2025C3-OWD: A Curriculum Cross-modal Contrastive Learning Framework for Open-World Detectioncited by 5
  20. 2025Fusion Meets Diverse Conditions: A High-diversity Benchmark and Baseline for UAV-based Multimodal Object Detection with Condition Cuescited by 5
  21. 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmarkcited by 4
  22. 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
  23. 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 4
  24. 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
  25. 2021Illumination and Temperature-Aware Multispectral Networks for Edge-Computing-Enabled Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
  26. 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detectioncited by 3
  27. 2023Erasure-based Interaction Network for RGBT Video Object Detection and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 3
  28. 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
  29. 2025Language-Depth Navigated Thermal and Visible Image Fusioncited by 3
  30. 2025YOLOv11-RGBT: Towards a Comprehensive Single-Stage Multispectral Object Detection Frameworkcited by 3
  31. 2025Cross-modal Offset-guided Dynamic Alignment and Fusion for Weakly Aligned UAV Object Detectioncited by 3
  32. 2021Partially fake it till you make it: mixing real and fake thermal images for improved object detectioncited by 2
  33. 2024RGB-T Object Detection via Group Shuffled Multi-receptive Attention and Multi-modal Supervisioncited by 2
  34. 2025IRDFusion: Iterative Relation-Map Difference guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 2
  35. 2022Unsupervised Visible-light Images Guided Cross-Spectrum Depth Estimation from Dual-Modality Camerascited by 1
  36. 2023ThermRad: A Multi-modal Dataset for Robust 3D Object Detection under Challenging Conditionscited by 1
  37. 2025Mitigating the Impact of Prominent Position Shift in Drone-based RGBT Object Detectioncited by 1
  38. 2025DOD-SA: Infrared-Visible Decoupled Object Detection with Single-Modality Annotationscited by 1

50 most cited of 74 All 74 (JSON)