UDIS: Unsupervised Discovery of Bias in Deep Visual Recognition Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep learning models have been shown to learn spurious correlations from data that sometimes lead to systematic failures for certain subpopulations. Prior work has typically diagnosed this by crowdsourcing annotations for various protected attributes and measuring performance, which is both expensive to acquire and difficult to scale. In this work, we propose UDIS, an unsupervised algorithm for surfacing and analyzing such failure modes. UDIS identifies subpopulations via hierarchical clustering of dataset embeddings and surfaces systematic failure modes by visualizing low performing clusters along with their gradient-weighted class-activation maps. We show the effectiveness of UDIS in identifying failure modes in models trained for image classification on the CelebA and MSCOCO datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Oct 2021.
Builds on
36 of 50 references.
References · 36
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 8; 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Discovering and Mitigating Visual Biases through Keyword Explanationcited by 58
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2023FACTS: First Amplify Correlations and Then Slice to Discover Biascited by 26
- 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradientcited by 21
- 2023Multimodal Composite Association Score: Measuring Gender Bias in Generative Multimodal Modelscited by 21
- 2023Angler: Helping Machine Translation Practitioners Prioritize Model Improvementscited by 11
- 2022VisCUIT: Visual Auditor for Bias in CNN Image Classifiercited by 8
- 2023A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representationscited by 6
- 2024AttributionScanner: A Visual Analytics System for Model Validation with Metadata-Free Slice Findingcited by 6
- 2025VISLIX: An XAI Framework for Validating Vision Models with Slice Discovery and Analysiscited by 5
- 2022Information Removal at the bottleneck in Deep Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2025Classifier-to-Bias: Toward Unsupervised Automatic Bias Detection for Visual Classifierscited by 4
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- 2024ViG-Bias: Visually Grounded Bias Discovery and Mitigationcited by 2
- 2025Discovering Intersectional Bias via Directional Alignment in Face Recognition Embeddingscited by 2
- 2023Unsupervised bias discovery in medical image segmentationcited by 1
- 2023Language-assisted Vision Model Debugger: A Sample-Free Approach to Finding and Fixing Bugscited by 1
- 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Taskscited by 1
- 2025Auditing a Dutch Public Sector Risk Profiling Algorithm Using an Unsupervised Bias Detection Toolcited by 1
- 2025Subgroups Matter for Robust Bias Mitigationcited by 1
- 2024Effective Guidance for Model Attention with Simple Yes-no Annotationscited by 0
- 2026Identifying Latent Concepts and Structures for Generalized Category Discoverycited by 0
- 2026Identifying Latent Concepts and Structures for Generalized Category Discovery1 Jul 2026
- 2025Discovering Intersectional Bias via Directional Alignment in Face Recognition Embeddings17 Oct 2025
- 2025Subgroups Matter for Robust Bias Mitigation27 May 2025
- 2025VISLIX: An XAI Framework for Validating Vision Models with Slice Discovery and Analysis6 May 2025
- 2025Classifier-to-Bias: Toward Unsupervised Automatic Bias Detection for Visual Classifiers29 Apr 2025
- 2025Attention IoU: Examining Biases in CelebA using Attention Maps25 Mar 2025
- 2025Auditing a Dutch Public Sector Risk Profiling Algorithm Using an Unsupervised Bias Detection Tool3 Feb 2025
- 2024Effective Guidance for Model Attention with Simple Yes-no Annotations29 Oct 2024
- 2024ViG-Bias: Visually Grounded Bias Discovery and Mitigation2 Jul 2024
- 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Tasks24 Jan 2024
- 2024AttributionScanner: A Visual Analytics System for Model Validation with Metadata-Free Slice Finding12 Jan 2024
- 2023Language-assisted Vision Model Debugger: A Sample-Free Approach to Finding and Fixing Bugs9 Dec 2023
11 more
- 2023FACTS: First Amplify Correlations and Then Slice to Discover Bias29 Sep 2023
- 2023Unsupervised bias discovery in medical image segmentation1 Sep 2023
- 2023ICON2: Reliably Benchmarking Predictive Inequity in Object Detection7 Jun 2023
- 2023Multimodal Composite Association Score: Measuring Gender Bias in Generative Multimodal Models26 Apr 2023
- 2023Angler: Helping Machine Translation Practitioners Prioritize Model Improvements12 Apr 2023
- 2023A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representations30 Mar 2023
- 2023Discovering and Mitigating Visual Biases through Keyword Explanation26 Jan 2023
- 2022Information Removal at the bottleneck in Deep Neural Networks30 Sep 2022
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networks20 Jul 2022
- 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradient31 May 2022
- 2022VisCUIT: Visual Auditor for Bias in CNN Image Classifier12 Apr 2022
- 2023Discovering and Mitigating Visual Biases through Keyword Explanationcited by 58
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2023FACTS: First Amplify Correlations and Then Slice to Discover Biascited by 26
- 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradientcited by 21
- 2023Angler: Helping Machine Translation Practitioners Prioritize Model Improvementscited by 11
- 2022VisCUIT: Visual Auditor for Bias in CNN Image Classifiercited by 8
- 2023A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representationscited by 6
- 2024AttributionScanner: A Visual Analytics System for Model Validation with Metadata-Free Slice Findingcited by 6
- 2025VISLIX: An XAI Framework for Validating Vision Models with Slice Discovery and Analysiscited by 5
- 2022Information Removal at the bottleneck in Deep Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2025Classifier-to-Bias: Toward Unsupervised Automatic Bias Detection for Visual Classifierscited by 4
- 2025Attention IoU: Examining Biases in CelebA using Attention Mapscited by 3
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026Identifying Latent Concepts and Structures for Generalized Category Discovery1 Jul 2026
- 2025Discovering Intersectional Bias via Directional Alignment in Face Recognition Embeddings17 Oct 2025
- 2025Subgroups Matter for Robust Bias Mitigation27 May 2025
- 2025VISLIX: An XAI Framework for Validating Vision Models with Slice Discovery and Analysis6 May 2025
- 2025Classifier-to-Bias: Toward Unsupervised Automatic Bias Detection for Visual Classifiers29 Apr 2025
- 2025Attention IoU: Examining Biases in CelebA using Attention Maps25 Mar 2025
- 2025Auditing a Dutch Public Sector Risk Profiling Algorithm Using an Unsupervised Bias Detection Tool3 Feb 2025
- 2024Effective Guidance for Model Attention with Simple Yes-no Annotations29 Oct 2024
- 2024ViG-Bias: Visually Grounded Bias Discovery and Mitigation2 Jul 2024
- 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Tasks24 Jan 2024
- 2024AttributionScanner: A Visual Analytics System for Model Validation with Metadata-Free Slice Finding12 Jan 2024
- 2023Language-assisted Vision Model Debugger: A Sample-Free Approach to Finding and Fixing Bugs9 Dec 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)