mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

UDIS: Unsupervised Discovery of Bias in Deep Visual Recognition Models

arXiv 2110.15499 ↗First posted 29 Oct 2021cs.CVcited by 23

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Deep learning models have been shown to learn spurious correlations from data that sometimes lead to systematic failures for certain subpopulations. Prior work has typically diagnosed this by crowdsourcing annotations for various protected attributes and measuring performance, which is both expensive to acquire and difficult to scale. In this work, we propose UDIS, an unsupervised algorithm for surfacing and analyzing such failure modes. UDIS identifies subpopulations via hierarchical clustering of dataset embeddings and surfaces systematic failure modes by visualizing low performing clusters along with their gradient-weighted class-activation maps. We show the effectiveness of UDIS in identifying failure modes in models trained for image classification on the CelebA and MSCOCO datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Oct 2021.

Builds on

36 of 50 references.

References · 36

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  5. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,691
  6. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
  7. 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
  8. 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,304
  9. 2018Mitigating Unwanted Biases with Adversarial Learningcited by 663
  10. 2018Recognition in Terra Incognitacited by 655
  11. 2017Interpretable Explanations of Black Boxes by Meaningful Perturbationcited by 611
  12. 2017Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraintscited by 420
24 more
  1. 2018A Survey on Deep Transfer Learningcited by 417
  2. 2017On Fairness and Calibrationcited by 406
  3. 2018AI Fairness 360: An Extensible Toolkit for Detecting, Understanding, and Mitigating Unwanted Algorithmic Biascited by 319
  4. 2019Counterfactual Visual Explanationscited by 312
  5. 2019Towards Fairness in Visual Recognition: Effective Strategies for Bias Mitigationcited by 252
  6. 2017Real Time Image Saliency for Black Box Classifierscited by 246
  7. 2018Women also Snowboard: Overcoming Bias in Captioning Modelscited by 236
  8. 2017Avoiding Discrimination through Causal Reasoningcited by 191
  9. 2017No Classification without Representation: Assessing Geodiversity Issues in Open Data Sets for the Developing Worldcited by 152
  10. 2019Does Object Recognition Work for Everyone?cited by 149
  11. 2018Explaining Image Classifiers by Counterfactual Generationcited by 144
  12. 2020REVISE: A Tool for Measuring and Mitigating Bias in Visual Datasetscited by 136
  13. 2020Convolutional Networks with Dense Connectivitycited by 98
  14. 2019FairVis: Visual Analytics for Discovering Intersectional Bias in Machine Learningcited by 93
  15. 2020Don't Judge an Object by Its Context: Learning to Overcome Contextual Biascited by 91
  16. 2020The Hessian Penalty: A Weak Prior for Unsupervised Disentanglementcited by 90
  17. 2019Predictive Inequity in Object Detectioncited by 77
  18. 2017On Formalizing Fairness in Prediction with Machine Learningcited by 65
  19. 2020Towards causal benchmarking of bias in face analysis algorithmscited by 64
  20. 2020Evaluating and Mitigating Bias in Image Classifiers: A Causal Perspective Using Counterfactualscited by 56
  21. 2019Characterizing the Variability in Face Recognition Accuracy Relative to Racecited by 40
  22. 2020Gender Slopes: Counterfactual Fairness for Computer Vision Models by Attribute Manipulationcited by 36
  23. 2018ELASTIC: Improving CNNs with Dynamic Scaling Policiescited by 20
  24. 2019Age and gender bias in pedestrian detection algorithmscited by 18

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 8; 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.

23 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Discovering and Mitigating Visual Biases through Keyword Explanationcited by 58
  2. 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
  3. 2023FACTS: First Amplify Correlations and Then Slice to Discover Biascited by 26
  4. 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradientcited by 21
  5. 2023Multimodal Composite Association Score: Measuring Gender Bias in Generative Multimodal Modelscited by 21
  6. 2023Angler: Helping Machine Translation Practitioners Prioritize Model Improvementscited by 11
  7. 2022VisCUIT: Visual Auditor for Bias in CNN Image Classifiercited by 8
  8. 2023A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representationscited by 6
  9. 2024AttributionScanner: A Visual Analytics System for Model Validation with Metadata-Free Slice Findingcited by 6
  10. 2025VISLIX: An XAI Framework for Validating Vision Models with Slice Discovery and Analysiscited by 5
  11. 2022Information Removal at the bottleneck in Deep Neural Networkscited by 4
  12. 2025Classifier-to-Bias: Toward Unsupervised Automatic Bias Detection for Visual Classifierscited by 4
11 more
  1. 2025Attention IoU: Examining Biases in CelebA using Attention Mapscited by 3
  2. 2023ICON2: Reliably Benchmarking Predictive Inequity in Object Detectioncited by 2
  3. 2024ViG-Bias: Visually Grounded Bias Discovery and Mitigationcited by 2
  4. 2025Discovering Intersectional Bias via Directional Alignment in Face Recognition Embeddingscited by 2
  5. 2023Unsupervised bias discovery in medical image segmentationcited by 1
  6. 2023Language-assisted Vision Model Debugger: A Sample-Free Approach to Finding and Fixing Bugscited by 1
  7. 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Taskscited by 1
  8. 2025Auditing a Dutch Public Sector Risk Profiling Algorithm Using an Unsupervised Bias Detection Toolcited by 1
  9. 2025Subgroups Matter for Robust Bias Mitigationcited by 1
  10. 2024Effective Guidance for Model Attention with Simple Yes-no Annotationscited by 0
  11. 2026Identifying Latent Concepts and Structures for Generalized Category Discoverycited by 0