mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

BuildingNet: Learning to Label 3D Buildings

arXiv 2110.04955 ↗First posted 11 Oct 2021cs.CV cs.GRcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce BuildingNet: (a) a large-scale dataset of 3D building models whose exteriors are consistently labeled, (b) a graph neural network that labels building meshes by analyzing spatial and structural relations of their geometric primitives. To create our dataset, we used crowdsourcing combined with expert guidance, resulting in 513K annotated mesh primitives, grouped into 292K semantic part components across 2K building models. The dataset covers several building categories, such as houses, churches, skyscrapers, town halls, libraries, and castles. We include a benchmark for evaluating mesh and point cloud labeling. Buildings have more challenging structural complexity compared to objects in existing benchmarks (e.g., ShapeNet, PartNet), thus, we hope that our dataset can nurture the development of algorithms that are able to cope with such large-scale geometric data for both vision and graphics tasks e.g., 3D semantic segmentation, part-based generative models, correspondences, texturing, and analysis of point cloud data acquired from real-world buildings. Finally, we show that our mesh-based graph neural network significantly improves performance over several baselines for labeling 3D meshes.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2021.

Builds on

37 of 69 references.

References · 37

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  3. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,401
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  5. 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
  6. 2015ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repositorycited by 2,897
  7. 2018Dynamic Graph CNN for Learning on Point Cloudscited by 2,223
  8. 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,376
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  10. 20194D Spatio-Temporal ConvNets: Minkowski Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 1,208
  11. 2019Revisiting Point Cloud Classification: A New Benchmark Dataset and Classification Model on Real-World Datacited by 532
  12. 2018PartNet: A Large-scale Benchmark for Fine-grained and Hierarchical Part-level 3D Object Understandingcited by 526
25 more
  1. 2016Semantic Scene Completion from a Single Depth Imagecited by 472
  2. 2016Geometric deep learning on graphs and manifolds using mixture model CNNscited by 468
  3. 2017Large-scale Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation with Superpoint Graphscited by 385
  4. 2018Neural Relational Inference for Interacting Systemscited by 339
  5. 20203D-FUTURE: 3D Furniture shape with TextUREcited by 311
  6. 2019Structured3D: A Large Photo-realistic Dataset for Structured 3D Modelingcited by 286
  7. 2017Semantic3D.net: A new Large-scale Point Cloud Classification Benchmarkcited by 158
  8. 2020Virtual Multi-view Fusion for 3D Semantic Segmentationcited by 99
  9. 2016Learning shape correspondence with anisotropic convolutional neural networkscited by 95
  10. 2018InteriorNet: Mega-scale Multi-sensor Photo-realistic Indoor Scenes Datasetcited by 87
  11. 2020Toronto-3D: A Large-scale Mobile LiDAR Dataset for Semantic Segmentation of Urban Roadwayscited by 77
  12. 2016SyncSpecCNN: Synchronized Spectral CNN for 3D Shape Segmentationcited by 70
  13. 2017Paris-Lille-3D: a large and high-quality ground truth urban point cloud dataset for automatic segmentation and classificationcited by 65
  14. 20163D Shape Segmentation with Projective Convolutional Networkscited by 63
  15. 2019SceneGraphNet: Neural Message Passing for 3D Indoor Scene Augmentationcited by 55
  16. 2019PartNet: A Recursive Part Decomposition Network for Fine-grained and Hierarchical Shape Segmentationcited by 44
  17. 2020DualConvMesh-Net: Joint Geodesic and Euclidean Convolutions on 3D Meshescited by 42
  18. 2020MeshWalker: Deep Mesh Understanding by Random Walkscited by 32
  19. 2020Unsupervised 3D Learning for Shape Analysis via Multiresolution Instance Discriminationcited by 31
  20. 2017Large-Scale 3D Shape Reconstruction and Segmentation from ShapeNet Core55cited by 15
  21. 2018A Deep Learning Based Behavioral Approach to Indoor Autonomous Navigationcited by 9
  22. 2018Learning to Group and Label Fine-Grained Shape Componentscited by 9
  23. 2018Automatic Prediction of Building Age from Photographscited by 5
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 6; 2024: 9; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

33 papers.

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  1. 2025Hunyuan3D 2.0: Scaling Diffusion Models for High Resolution Textured 3D Assets Generationcited by 356
  2. 2022SDFusion: Multimodal 3D Shape Completion, Reconstruction, and Generationcited by 288
  3. 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 127
  4. 2024Make-A-Shape: a Ten-Million-scale 3D Shape Modelcited by 25
  5. 2023UrbanBIS: a Large-scale Benchmark for Fine-grained Urban Building Instance Segmentationcited by 24
  6. 2025Pandora3D: A Comprehensive Framework for High-Quality 3D Shape and Texture Generationcited by 14
  7. 2023Aladdin: Zero-Shot Hallucination of Stylized 3D Assets from Abstract Scene Descriptionscited by 11
  8. 2024Wavelet Latent Diffusion (Wala): Billion-Parameter 3D Generative Model with Compact Wavelet Encodingscited by 10
  9. 2025Sat2RealCity: Geometry-Aware and Appearance-Controllable 3D Urban Generation from Satellite Imagerycited by 7
  10. 2023BuilDiff: 3D Building Shape Generation using Single-Image Conditional Point Cloud Diffusion Modelscited by 6
  11. 2022PSSNet: Planarity-sensible Semantic Segmentation of Large-scale Urban Meshescited by 5
  12. 2022Vitruvio: 3D Building Meshes via Single Perspective Sketchescited by 5
21 more
  1. 2024FaccAID: A Transformer Model for Neuro-Symbolic Facade Reconstructioncited by 5
  2. 2025SAT-SKYLINES: 3D Building Generation from Satellite Imagery and Coarse Geometric Priorscited by 3
  3. 2026Deep Sketch-Based 3D Modeling: A Surveycited by 3
  4. 2024RoofDiffusion: Constructing Roofs from Severely Corrupted Point Data via Diffusioncited by 2
  5. 2023Multi-task 3D building understanding with multi-modal pretrainingcited by 1
  6. 2024Weighted Poisson-disk Resampling on Large-Scale Point Cloudscited by 1
  7. 2024Flash3D: Super-scaling Point Transformers through Joint Hardware-Geometry Localitycited by 1
  8. 2025SUM Parts: Benchmarking Part-Level Semantic Segmentation of Urban Meshescited by 1
  9. 2025BuildingWorld: A Structured 3D Building Dataset for Urban Foundation Modelscited by 1
  10. 2026An Instance-Centric Panoptic Occupancy Prediction Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
  11. 2023Towards AI-Architecture Liberty: A Comprehensive Survey on Design and Generation of Virtual Architecture by Deep Learningcited by 0
  12. 2024MASSTAR: A Multi-Modal and Large-Scale Scene Dataset with a Versatile Toolchain for Surface Prediction and Completioncited by 0
  13. 2024ARCH2S: Dataset, Benchmark and Challenges for Learning Exterior Architectural Structures from Point Cloudscited by 0
  14. 2024ArchComplete: Autoregressive 3D Architectural Design Generation with Hierarchical Diffusion-Based Upsamplingcited by 0
  15. 2025BuildingBRep-11K: Precise Multi-Storey B-Rep Building Solids with Rich Layout Metadatacited by 0
  16. 2025SYNBUILD-3D: A large, multi-modal, and semantically rich synthetic dataset of 3D building models at Level of Detail 4cited by 0
  17. 2026Cryo-SWAN: the Multi-Scale Wavelet-decomposition-inspired Autoencoder Network for molecular density representation of molecular volumescited by 0
  18. 2026GardenDesigner: Encoding Aesthetic Principles into Jiangnan Garden Construction via a Chain of Agentscited by 0
  19. 2026Delaunay Canopy: Building Wireframe Reconstruction from Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds via Delaunay Graphcited by 0
  20. 2026ArchEGraph: A Large-Scale Graph Dataset for Geometry-Topology-Physics Aligned Building Energy Modelingcited by 0
  21. 2026ProxyBuild: Text-Guided Structured 3D Building Generation with Mesh-Anchored Procedural Proxiescited by 0