mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Cross-lingual Offensive Language Identification for Low Resource Languages: The Case of Marathi

arXiv 2109.03552 ↗First posted 8 Sep 2021cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

The widespread presence of offensive language on social media motivated the development of systems capable of recognizing such content automatically. Apart from a few notable exceptions, most research on automatic offensive language identification has dealt with English. To address this shortcoming, we introduce MOLD, the Marathi Offensive Language Dataset. MOLD is the first dataset of its kind compiled for Marathi, thus opening a new domain for research in low-resource Indo-Aryan languages. We present results from several machine learning experiments on this dataset, including zero-short and other transfer learning experiments on state-of-the-art cross-lingual transformers from existing data in Bengali, English, and Hindi.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Sep 2021.

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18 of 42 references.

References · 18

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  3. 2019XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understandingcited by 2,801
  4. 2019Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Mediacited by 268
  5. 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 206
  6. 2020SemEval-2020 Task 12: Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media (OffensEval 2020)cited by 138
  7. 2020Multilingual Offensive Language Identification with Cross-lingual Embeddingscited by 71
  8. 2020SOLID: A Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Dataset for Offensive Language Identificationcited by 53
  9. 2020Offensive Language Identification in Greekcited by 49
  10. 2017Detecting Hate Speech in Social Mediacited by 42
  11. 2020Developing a Multilingual Annotated Corpus of Misogyny and Aggressioncited by 31
  12. 2021MUDES: Multilingual Detection of Offensive Spanscited by 30
6 more
  1. 2020Arabic Offensive Language on Twitter: Analysis and Experimentscited by 28
  2. 2021Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languagescited by 22
  3. 2016A Dictionary-based Approach to Racism Detection in Dutch Social Mediacited by 15
  4. 2021An Exploratory Analysis of the Relation Between Offensive Language and Mental Healthcited by 14
  5. 2020LIIR at SemEval-2020 Task 12: A Cross-Lingual Augmentation Approach for Multilingual Offensive Language Identificationcited by 5
  6. 2020Detecting Online Hate Speech: Approaches Using Weak Supervision and Network Embedding Modelscited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

28 papers.

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  1. 2022L3Cube-MahaCorpus and MahaBERT: Marathi Monolingual Corpus, Marathi BERT Language Models, and Resourcescited by 49
  2. 2023Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer language selection using linguistic similaritycited by 28
  3. 2022Data Bootstrapping Approaches to Improve Low Resource Abusive Language Detection for Indic Languagescited by 23
  4. 2022L3Cube-MahaHate: A Tweet-based Marathi Hate Speech Detection Dataset and BERT modelscited by 20
  5. 2021Hate and Offensive Speech Detection in Hindi and Marathicited by 17
  6. 2021Overview of the HASOC Subtrack at FIRE 2021: Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in English and Indo-Aryan Languagescited by 17
  7. 2023Offensive Language Identification in Transliterated and Code-Mixed Banglacited by 12
  8. 2021Exploring Transformer Based Models to Identify Hate Speech and Offensive Content in English and Indo-Aryan Languagescited by 9
  9. 2022Transfer Language Selection for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Abusive Language Detectioncited by 8
  10. 2023Cyberbullying Detection for Low-resource Languages and Dialects: Review of the State of the Artcited by 8
  11. 2021One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
  12. 2021Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathicited by 6
16 more
  1. 2022Overview of the HASOC Subtrack at FIRE 2022: Offensive Language Identification in Marathicited by 5
  2. 2022Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Social Media Posts in Marathicited by 5
  3. 2024A Federated Learning Approach to Privacy Preserving Offensive Language Identificationcited by 4
  4. 2022A Twitter BERT Approach for Offensive Language Detection in Marathicited by 3
  5. 2023Can Model Fusing Help Transformers in Long Document Classification? An Empirical Studycited by 3
  6. 2023A Text-to-Text Model for Multilingual Offensive Language Identificationcited by 3
  7. 2022A simple language-agnostic yet very strong baseline system for hate speech and offensive content identificationcited by 2
  8. 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
  9. 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challengescited by 2
  10. 2024MasonPerplexity at Multimodal Hate Speech Event Detection 2024: Hate Speech and Target Detection Using Transformer Ensemblescited by 2
  11. 2024A Survey on Automatic Online Hate Speech Detection in Low-Resource Languagescited by 2
  12. 2021Battling Hateful Content in Indic Languages HASOC '21cited by 1
  13. 2023Improving Polish to English Neural Machine Translation with Transfer Learning: Effects of Data Volume and Language Similaritycited by 1
  14. 2025Assessing and Improving Punctuation Robustness in English-Marathi Machine Translationcited by 0
  15. 2026MUTEX: Leveraging Multilingual Transformers and Conditional Random Fields for Enhanced Urdu Toxic Span Detectioncited by 0
  16. 2026Hybrid Continual Learning for Low-Resource Australian Aboriginal Language Identificationcited by 0