mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Arabic Offensive Language on Twitter: Analysis and Experiments

arXiv 2004.02192 ↗First posted 5 Apr 2020cs.CLcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

Detecting offensive language on Twitter has many applications ranging from detecting/predicting bullying to measuring polarization. In this paper, we focus on building a large Arabic offensive tweet dataset. We introduce a method for building a dataset that is not biased by topic, dialect, or target. We produce the largest Arabic dataset to date with special tags for vulgarity and hate speech. We thoroughly analyze the dataset to determine which topics, dialects, and gender are most associated with offensive tweets and how Arabic speakers use offensive language. Lastly, we conduct many experiments to produce strong results (F1 = 83.2) on the dataset using SOTA techniques.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Apr 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 5; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

28 papers.

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  1. 2021Pre-Training BERT on Arabic Tweets: Practical Considerationscited by 39
  2. 2021Detecting Harmful Content On Online Platforms: What Platforms Need Vs. Where Research Efforts Gocited by 32
  3. 2021MUDES: Multilingual Detection of Offensive Spanscited by 30
  4. 2021Cross-lingual Offensive Language Identification for Low Resource Languages: The Case of Marathicited by 28
  5. 2021Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languagescited by 22
  6. 2023Cultural Compass: Predicting Transfer Learning Success in Offensive Language Detection with Cultural Featurescited by 18
  7. 2022Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speechcited by 14
  8. 2022KOLD: Korean Offensive Language Datasetcited by 14
  9. 2023ViHOS: Hate Speech Spans Detection for Vietnamesecited by 13
  10. 2023Offensive Hebrew Corpus and Detection using BERTcited by 6
  11. 2021Cross-lingual Emotion Detectioncited by 5
  12. 2022Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Social Media Posts in Marathicited by 5
16 more
  1. 2023Detecting and Reasoning of Deleted Tweets before they are Postedcited by 4
  2. 2024A Federated Learning Approach to Privacy Preserving Offensive Language Identificationcited by 4
  3. 2021WLV-RIT at GermEval 2021: Multitask Learning with Transformers to Detect Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Commentscited by 3
  4. 2023Toxic language detection: a systematic review of Arabic datasetscited by 3
  5. 2022Zero-shot Visual Commonsense Immorality Predictioncited by 2
  6. 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
  7. 2023Hate speech detection in algerian dialect using deep learningcited by 2
  8. 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challengescited by 2
  9. 2025K/DA: Automated Data Generation Pipeline for Detoxifying Implicitly Offensive Language in Koreancited by 2
  10. 2024Arabic Text Sentiment Analysis: Reinforcing Human-Performed Surveys with Wider Topic Analysiscited by 1
  11. 2024Ensemble of pre-trained language models and data augmentation for hate speech detection from Arabic tweetscited by 1
  12. 2025Culture Matters in Toxic Language Detection in Persiancited by 1
  13. 2021Exploratory Arabic Offensive Language Dataset Analysiscited by 0
  14. 2021Automatic Expansion and Retargeting of Arabic Offensive Language Trainingcited by 0
  15. 2025The Rise of AfricaNLP: A Survey of Contributions, Contributors, Community Impact, and Bibliometric Analysiscited by 0
  16. 2026ArabDiscrim: A Decade-Long Arabic Facebook Corpus on Racism and Discriminationcited by 0