mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Detecting Hate Speech in Social Media

arXiv 1712.06427 ↗First posted 18 Dec 2017cs.CLcited by 42

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper we examine methods to detect hate speech in social media, while distinguishing this from general profanity. We aim to establish lexical baselines for this task by applying supervised classification methods using a recently released dataset annotated for this purpose. As features, our system uses character n-grams, word n-grams and word skip-grams. We obtain results of 78% accuracy in identifying posts across three classes. Results demonstrate that the main challenge lies in discriminating profanity and hate speech from each other. A number of directions for future work are discussed.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 10; 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 4.

42 papers.

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  1. 2023Toxicity in ChatGPT: Analyzing Persona-assigned Language Modelscited by 360
  2. 2023When Do Annotator Demographics Matter? Measuring the Influence of Annotator Demographics with the POPQUORN Datasetcited by 52
  3. 2023"HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social mediacited by 45
  4. 2022Toxicity Detection with Generative Prompt-based Inferencecited by 35
  5. 2021MUDES: Multilingual Detection of Offensive Spanscited by 30
  6. 2021FBERT: A Neural Transformer for Identifying Offensive Contentcited by 30
  7. 2021Cross-lingual Offensive Language Identification for Low Resource Languages: The Case of Marathicited by 28
  8. 2021Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languagescited by 22
  9. 2022Bangla hate speech detection on social media using attention-based recurrent neural networkcited by 9
  10. 2022Vietnamese Hate and Offensive Detection using PhoBERT-CNN and Social Media Streaming Datacited by 9
  11. 2021Hate Speech Detection in Roman Urducited by 8
  12. 2021Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Hostility Detection in Hindi Textcited by 7
30 more
  1. 2021WLV-RIT at SemEval-2021 Task 5: A Neural Transformer Framework for Detecting Toxic Spanscited by 6
  2. 2021Offensive Language Identification in Low-resourced Code-mixed Dravidian languages using Pseudo-labelingcited by 6
  3. 2022Rewiring What-to-Watch-Next Recommendations to Reduce Radicalization Pathwayscited by 6
  4. 2022Hidden behind the obvious: misleading keywords and implicitly abusive language on social mediacited by 6
  5. 2022CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detectioncited by 5
  6. 2022Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Social Media Posts in Marathicited by 5
  7. 2021Towards Offensive Language Identification for Tamil Code-Mixed YouTube Comments and Postscited by 4
  8. 2021The ComMA Dataset V0.2: Annotating Aggression and Bias in Multilingual Social Media Discoursecited by 4
  9. 2024A Federated Learning Approach to Privacy Preserving Offensive Language Identificationcited by 4
  10. 2021KBCNMUJAL@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Using Machine Learning for Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Code-Mixed Social Media textcited by 3
  11. 2022Hate Speech Classification Using SVM and Naive BAYEScited by 3
  12. 2022A Review of Challenges in Machine Learning based Automated Hate Speech Detectioncited by 3
  13. 2023A Text-to-Text Model for Multilingual Offensive Language Identificationcited by 3
  14. 2024MasonPerplexity at ClimateActivism 2024: Integrating Advanced Ensemble Techniques and Data Augmentation for Climate Activism Stance and Hate Event Identificationcited by 3
  15. 2021IIITG-ADBU@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Offensive Content Detection in Code-Mixed Dravidian Textcited by 2
  16. 2021Offensive Language Detection with BERT-based models, By Customizing Attention Probabilitiescited by 2
  17. 2021Sentiment Analysis of Fashion Related Posts in Social Mediacited by 2
  18. 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
  19. 2024Bryndza at ClimateActivism 2024: Stance, Target and Hate Event Detection via Retrieval-Augmented GPT-4 and LLaMAcited by 1
  20. 2024HarmPot: An Annotation Framework for Evaluating Offline Harm Potential of Social Media Textcited by 1
  21. 2024Towards Generalized Offensive Language Identificationcited by 1
  22. 2024Hate Speech Detection Using Cross-Platform Social Media Data In English and German Languagecited by 1
  23. 2025A Survey of Social Cybersecurity: Techniques for Attack Detection, Evaluations, Challenges, and Future Prospectscited by 1
  24. 2025Causality Guided Representation Learning for Cross-Style Hate Speech Detectioncited by 1
  25. 2021COVID-19 and Big Data: Multi-faceted Analysis for Spatio-temporal Understanding of the Pandemic with Social Media Conversationscited by 0
  26. 2021Automatic Expansion and Retargeting of Arabic Offensive Language Trainingcited by 0
  27. 2023Classification of social media Toxic comments using Machine learning modelscited by 0
  28. 2024Hate Content Detection via Novel Pre-Processing Sequencing and Ensemble Methodscited by 0
  29. 2025Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Toxicity Detection in Competitive Online Video Gamescited by 0
  30. 2025Defining, Understanding, and Detecting Online Toxicity: Challenges and Machine Learning Approachescited by 0