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L3Cube-MahaHate: A Tweet-based Marathi Hate Speech Detection Dataset and BERT models

arXiv 2203.13778 ↗First posted 25 Mar 2022cs.CL cs.LGcited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

Social media platforms are used by a large number of people prominently to express their thoughts and opinions. However, these platforms have contributed to a substantial amount of hateful and abusive content as well. Therefore, it is important to curb the spread of hate speech on these platforms. In India, Marathi is one of the most popular languages used by a wide audience. In this work, we present L3Cube-MahaHate, the first major Hate Speech Dataset in Marathi. The dataset is curated from Twitter, annotated manually. Our dataset consists of over 25000 distinct tweets labeled into four major classes i.e hate, offensive, profane, and not. We present the approaches used for collecting and annotating the data and the challenges faced during the process. Finally, we present baseline classification results using deep learning models based on CNN, LSTM, and Transformers. We explore mono-lingual and multi-lingual variants of BERT like MahaBERT, IndicBERT, mBERT, and xlm-RoBERTa and show that mono-lingual models perform better than their multi-lingual counterparts. The MahaBERT model provides the best results on L3Cube-MahaHate Corpus. The data and models are available at https://github.com/l3cube-pune/MarathiNLP .

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2022.

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15 of 30 references.

References · 15

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  3. 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
  4. 2017Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Modelscited by 72
  5. 2022L3Cube-MahaCorpus and MahaBERT: Marathi Monolingual Corpus, Marathi BERT Language Models, and Resourcescited by 49
  6. 2020Hate Speech detection in the Bengali language: A dataset and its baseline evaluationcited by 37
  7. 2020Hostility Detection Dataset in Hindicited by 31
  8. 2021L3CubeMahaSent: A Marathi Tweet-based Sentiment Analysis Datasetcited by 28
  9. 2021Cross-lingual Offensive Language Identification for Low Resource Languages: The Case of Marathicited by 28
  10. 2020Deep Learning for Hindi Text Classification: A Comparisoncited by 22
  11. 2021Experimental Evaluation of Deep Learning models for Marathi Text Classificationcited by 19
  12. 2021Hate and Offensive Speech Detection in Hindi and Marathicited by 17
3 more
  1. 2021Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Hostility Detection in Hindi Textcited by 7
  2. 2021One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
  3. 2021Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathicited by 6

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 1.

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  1. 2023"HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social mediacited by 45
  2. 2022L3Cube-HindBERT and DevBERT: Pre-Trained BERT Transformer models for Devanagari based Hindi and Marathi Languagescited by 35
  3. 2022L3Cube-MahaNLP: Marathi Natural Language Processing Datasets, Models, and Librarycited by 30
  4. 2022Mono vs Multilingual BERT for Hate Speech Detection and Text Classification: A Case Study in Marathicited by 16
  5. 2024On Limitations of LLM as Annotator for Low Resource Languagescited by 12
  6. 2024BanTH: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset for Transliterated Banglacited by 10
  7. 2023L3Cube-MahaSent-MD: A Multi-domain Marathi Sentiment Analysis Dataset and Transformer Modelscited by 6
  8. 2024L3Cube-MahaNews: News-based Short Text and Long Document Classification Datasets in Marathicited by 6
  9. 2024Chain-of-Translation Prompting (CoTR): A Novel Prompting Technique for Low Resource Languagescited by 5
  10. 2022Spread Love Not Hate: Undermining the Importance of Hateful Pre-training for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 4
  11. 2022A Review of Challenges in Machine Learning based Automated Hate Speech Detectioncited by 3
  12. 2022A Twitter BERT Approach for Offensive Language Detection in Marathicited by 3
8 more
  1. 2023mahaNLP: A Marathi Natural Language Processing Librarycited by 3
  2. 2023My Boli: Code-mixed Marathi-English Corpora, Pretrained Language Models and Evaluation Benchmarkscited by 2
  3. 2024A Survey on Automatic Online Hate Speech Detection in Low-Resource Languagescited by 2
  4. 2023Harnessing Pre-Trained Sentence Transformers for Offensive Language Detection in Indian Languagescited by 1
  5. 2024MahaSQuAD: Bridging Linguistic Divides in Marathi Question-Answeringcited by 1
  6. 2025L3Cube-MahaEmotions: A Marathi Emotion Recognition Dataset with Synthetic Annotations using CoTR prompting and Large Language Modelscited by 1
  7. 2024Leveraging Parameter Efficient Training Methods for Low Resource Text Classification: A Case Study in Marathicited by 0
  8. 2024Non-Contextual BERT or FastText? A Comparative Analysiscited by 0