mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Detecting Outliers with Poisson Image Interpolation

arXiv 2107.02622 ↗First posted 6 Jul 2021cs.CVcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

Supervised learning of every possible pathology is unrealistic for many primary care applications like health screening. Image anomaly detection methods that learn normal appearance from only healthy data have shown promising results recently. We propose an alternative to image reconstruction-based and image embedding-based methods and propose a new self-supervised method to tackle pathological anomaly detection. Our approach originates in the foreign patch interpolation (FPI) strategy that has shown superior performance on brain MRI and abdominal CT data. We propose to use a better patch interpolation strategy, Poisson image interpolation (PII), which makes our method suitable for applications in challenging data regimes. PII outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a good margin when tested on surrogate tasks like identifying common lung anomalies in chest X-rays or hypo-plastic left heart syndrome in prenatal, fetal cardiac ultrasound images. Code available at https://github.com/jemtan/PII.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Jul 2021.

Builds on

20 of 37 references.

References · 20

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
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  12. 2018Deep Anomaly Detection Using Geometric Transformationscited by 269
8 more
  1. 2020Autoencoders for Unsupervised Anomaly Segmentation in Brain MR Images: A Comparative Studycited by 146
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  3. 2018Unsupervised Detection of Lesions in Brain MRI using constrained adversarial auto-encoderscited by 83
  4. 2018Context-encoding Variational Autoencoder for Unsupervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 63
  5. 2020Anomaly detection through latent space restoration using vector-quantized variational autoencoderscited by 45
  6. 2020Detecting Outliers with Foreign Patch Interpolationcited by 44
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 12; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2021Natural Synthetic Anomalies for Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection and Localizationcited by 116
  2. 2024Diffusion Models with Implicit Guidance for Medical Anomaly Detectioncited by 26
  3. 2024MedIAnomaly: A comparative study of anomaly detection in medical imagescited by 25
  4. 2023Unsupervised Pathology Detection: A Deep Dive Into the State of the Artcited by 24
  5. 2024AutoRG-Brain: Grounded Report Generation for Brain MRIcited by 23
  6. 2022Unsupervised Anomaly Localization with Structural Feature-Autoencoderscited by 22
  7. 2023Guided Reconstruction with Conditioned Diffusion Models for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in Brain MRIscited by 18
  8. 2022Dual-Distribution Discrepancy for Anomaly Detection in Chest X-Rayscited by 17
  9. 2023Many tasks make light work: Learning to localise medical anomalies from multiple synthetic taskscited by 12
  10. 2024Ensembled Cold-Diffusion Restorations for Unsupervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 12
  11. 2022On the Pitfalls of Using the Residual Error as Anomaly Scorecited by 11
  12. 2024Leveraging the Mahalanobis Distance to enhance Unsupervised Brain MRI Anomaly Detectioncited by 10
32 more
  1. 2023AMAE: Adaptation of Pre-Trained Masked Autoencoder for Dual-Distribution Anomaly Detection in Chest X-Rayscited by 8
  2. 2023DISYRE: Diffusion-Inspired SYnthetic REstoration for Unsupervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 8
  3. 2023Realistic Data Enrichment for Robust Image Segmentation in Histopathologycited by 7
  4. 2025Scale-Aware Contrastive Reverse Distillation for Unsupervised Medical Anomaly Detectioncited by 6
  5. 2025REFLECT: Rectified Flows for Efficient Brain Anomaly Correction Transportcited by 5
  6. 2021Self-supervised Tumor Segmentation through Layer Decompositioncited by 4
  7. 2023Confidence-Aware and Self-Supervised Image Anomaly Localisationcited by 4
  8. 2024Enhancing Reconstruction-Based Out-of-Distribution Detection in Brain MRI with Model and Metric Ensemblescited by 4
  9. 2022Self-Supervised Training with Autoencoders for Visual Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
  10. 2024Position-Guided Prompt Learning for Anomaly Detection in Chest X-Rayscited by 3
  11. 2024Denoising Diffusion Models for Anomaly Localization in Medical Imagescited by 3
  12. 2024Synomaly Noise and Multi-Stage Diffusion: A Novel Approach for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in Medical Imagescited by 3
  13. 2026Dual Distillation for Few-Shot Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
  14. 2022nnOOD: A Framework for Benchmarking Self-supervised Anomaly Localisation Methodscited by 2
  15. 2023Domain knowledge-informed Synthetic fault sample generation with Health Data Map for cross-domain Planetary Gearbox Fault Diagnosiscited by 2
  16. 2024Evaluating Reliability in Medical DNNs: A Critical Analysis of Feature and Confidence-Based OOD Detectioncited by 2
  17. 2025Prototypical Learning Guided Context-Aware Segmentation Network for Few-Shot Anomaly Detectioncited by 2
  18. 2026A Principled Approach to Unsupervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 2
  19. 2024Spatial-aware Attention Generative Adversarial Network for Semi-supervised Anomaly Detection in Medical Imagecited by 1
  20. 2025ASBench: Image Anomalies Synthesis Benchmark for Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
  21. 2025ART-ASyn: Anatomy-aware Realistic Texture-based Anomaly Synthesis Framework for Chest X-Rayscited by 1
  22. 2026Cut to the Mix: Simple Data Augmentation Outperforms Elaborate Ones in Limited Organ Segmentation Datasetscited by 1
  23. 2021Pediatric Otoscopy Video Screening with Shift Contrastive Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
  24. 2022Dive into Self-Supervised Learning for Medical Image Analysis: Data, Models and Taskscited by 0
  25. 2022Dual-distribution discrepancy with self-supervised refinement for anomaly detection in medical imagescited by 0
  26. 2024Iterative Deployment Exposure for Unsupervised Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 0
  27. 2025Attention on the Wires (AttWire): A Foundation Model for Detecting Devices and Catheters in X-ray Fluoroscopic Imagescited by 0
  28. 2025A Domain Knowledge Informed Approach for Anomaly Detection of Electric Vehicle Interior Soundscited by 0
  29. 2025Noise & pattern: identity-anchored Tikhonov regularization for robust structural anomaly detectioncited by 0
  30. 2026AUCp: Pseudo-AUC for Inference Model Selection with Unlabeled Validation Data in Abnormality Detectioncited by 0
  31. 2026Frozen DINO Localizes Image Edits Without a Localizercited by 0
  32. 2026A Data-Interventional Framework for Auditing Privacy and Fairness in Generative Medical Imagingcited by 0