mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RedditBias: A Real-World Resource for Bias Evaluation and Debiasing of Conversational Language Models

arXiv 2106.03521 ↗First posted 7 Jun 2021cs.CLcited by 149

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Abstract (arXiv)

Text representation models are prone to exhibit a range of societal biases, reflecting the non-controlled and biased nature of the underlying pretraining data, which consequently leads to severe ethical issues and even bias amplification. Recent work has predominantly focused on measuring and mitigating bias in pretrained language models. Surprisingly, the landscape of bias measurements and mitigation resources and methods for conversational language models is still very scarce: it is limited to only a few types of bias, artificially constructed resources, and completely ignores the impact that debiasing methods may have on the final performance in dialog tasks, e.g., conversational response generation. In this work, we present RedditBias, the first conversational data set grounded in the actual human conversations from Reddit, allowing for bias measurement and mitigation across four important bias dimensions: gender, race, religion, and queerness. Further, we develop an evaluation framework which simultaneously 1) measures bias on the developed RedditBias resource, and 2) evaluates model capability in dialog tasks after model debiasing. We use the evaluation framework to benchmark the widely used conversational DialoGPT model along with the adaptations of four debiasing methods. Our results indicate that DialoGPT is biased with respect to religious groups and that some debiasing techniques can remove this bias while preserving downstream task performance.

Key facts. Cited by 149 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jun 2021.

Builds on

40 of 57 references.

References · 40

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,290
  4. 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,312
  5. 2020Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLPcited by 956
  6. 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 924
  7. 2016Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biasescited by 901
  8. 2019DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generationcited by 842
  9. 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 766
  10. 2020CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language Modelscited by 710
  11. 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methodscited by 659
  12. 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 541
28 more
  1. 2019On Measuring Social Biases in Sentence Encoderscited by 398
  2. 2019Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Reviewcited by 287
  3. 2019Lipstick on a Pig: Debiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Themcited by 268
  4. 2019Evaluating Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 249
  5. 2020Measuring and Reducing Gendered Correlations in Pre-trained Modelscited by 224
  6. 2019Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Modelscited by 214
  7. 2019Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddingscited by 203
  8. 2020Towards Debiasing Sentence Representationscited by 171
  9. 2019Queens are Powerful too: Mitigating Gender Bias in Dialogue Generationcited by 152
  10. 2016Neural Belief Tracker: Data-Driven Dialogue State Trackingcited by 143
  11. 2019Predictive Biases in Natural Language Processing Models: A Conceptual Framework and Overviewcited by 137
  12. 2019Learning to Speak and Act in a Fantasy Text Adventure Gamecited by 122
  13. 2019On Measuring and Mitigating Biased Inferences of Word Embeddingscited by 112
  14. 2019Evaluating the Underlying Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddingscited by 94
  15. 2019Does Gender Matter? Towards Fairness in Dialogue Systemscited by 89
  16. 2017Ethical Challenges in Data-Driven Dialogue Systemscited by 86
  17. 2020Multi-Dimensional Gender Bias Classificationcited by 80
  18. 2019Attenuating Bias in Word Vectorscited by 64
  19. 2019Understanding Undesirable Word Embedding Associationscited by 59
  20. 2019Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models with a Gender-Equalizing Loss Functioncited by 57
  21. 2020Mitigating Gender Bias for Neural Dialogue Generation with Adversarial Learningcited by 44
  22. 2019A General Framework for Implicit and Explicit Debiasing of Distributional Word Vector Spacescited by 36
  23. 2019Are We Consistently Biased? Multidimensional Analysis of Biases in Distributional Word Vectorscited by 31
  24. 2020AraWEAT: Multidimensional Analysis of Biases in Arabic Word Embeddingscited by 20
  25. 2019Conceptor Debiasing of Word Representations Evaluated on WEATcited by 18
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 19; 2023: 41; 2024: 46; 2025: 32; 2026: 5.

149 papers.

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  1. 2023Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 639
  2. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model (LLM) Security and Privacy: The Good, the Bad, and the Uglycited by 387
  3. 2023Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Modelscited by 207
  4. 2023SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Modelscited by 199
  5. 2022BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engagecited by 198
  6. 2022"I'm sorry to hear that": Finding New Biases in Language Models with a Holistic Descriptor Datasetcited by 162
  7. 2022A Survey of Controllable Text Generation using Transformer-based Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 129
  8. 2021Sustainable Modular Debiasing of Language Modelscited by 100
  9. 2021An Empirical Survey of the Effectiveness of Debiasing Techniques for Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 97
  10. 2023A Survey on Fairness in Large Language Modelscited by 95
  11. 2023Sensitivity, Performance, Robustness: Deconstructing the Effect of Sociodemographic Promptingcited by 81
  12. 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 77
38 more
  1. 2021On the Safety of Conversational Models: Taxonomy, Dataset, and Benchmarkcited by 73
  2. 2023Word Embeddings Are Steers for Language Modelscited by 70
  3. 2024Navigating the Risks: A Survey of Security, Privacy, and Ethics Threats in LLM-Based Agentscited by 65
  4. 2024Fairness in Large Language Models: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 58
  5. 2021Just Say No: Analyzing the Stance of Neural Dialogue Generation in Offensive Contextscited by 56
  6. 2023"I'm fully who I am": Towards Centering Transgender and Non-Binary Voices to Measure Biases in Open Language Generationcited by 56
  7. 2023Bias Testing and Mitigation in LLM-based Code Generationcited by 53
  8. 2022BERTScore is Unfair: On Social Bias in Language Model-Based Metrics for Text Generationcited by 48
  9. 2022Welcome to the Modern World of Pronouns: Identity-Inclusive Natural Language Processing beyond Gendercited by 47
  10. 2023Using In-Context Learning to Improve Dialogue Safetycited by 42
  11. 2022Towards Identifying Social Bias in Dialog Systems: Frame, Datasets, and Benchmarkscited by 36
  12. 2024FairMT-Bench: Benchmarking Fairness for Multi-turn Dialogue in Conversational LLMscited by 36
  13. 2022Weakly Supervised Data Augmentation Through Prompting for Dialogue Understandingcited by 32
  14. 2023Social Bias Probing: Fairness Benchmarking for Language Modelscited by 32
  15. 2022Multi2WOZ: A Robust Multilingual Dataset and Conversational Pretraining for Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 30
  16. 2024MemeCLIP: Leveraging CLIP Representations for Multimodal Meme Classificationcited by 30
  17. 2025Actions Speak Louder than Words: Agent Decisions Reveal Implicit Biases in Language Modelscited by 30
  18. 2023CHBias: Bias Evaluation and Mitigation of Chinese Conversational Language Modelscited by 28
  19. 2023Stereotypes and Smut: The (Mis)representation of Non-cisgender Identities by Text-to-Image Modelscited by 27
  20. 2023PromptMix: A Class Boundary Augmentation Method for Large Language Model Distillationcited by 25
  21. 2023Gender Biases in Automatic Evaluation Metrics for Image Captioningcited by 24
  22. 2024COMPL-AI Framework: A Technical Interpretation and LLM Benchmarking Suite for the EU Artificial Intelligence Actcited by 24
  23. 2024Can We Talk Models Into Seeing the World Differently?cited by 23
  24. 2021DS-TOD: Efficient Domain Specialization for Task Oriented Dialogcited by 21
  25. 2024BiasAlert: A Plug-and-play Tool for Social Bias Detection in LLMscited by 21
  26. 2022Can Model Compression Improve NLP Fairnesscited by 20
  27. 2024Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Surveycited by 20
  28. 2025Fairness through Difference Awareness: Measuring Desired Group Discrimination in LLMscited by 20
  29. 2023What about em? How Commercial Machine Translation Fails to Handle (Neo-)Pronounscited by 19
  30. 2022Fair and Argumentative Language Modeling for Computational Argumentationcited by 18
  31. 2023Introducing MBIB -- the first Media Bias Identification Benchmark Task and Dataset Collectioncited by 18
  32. 2024CEB: Compositional Evaluation Benchmark for Fairness in Large Language Modelscited by 18
  33. 2025BiasEdit: Debiasing Stereotyped Language Models via Model Editingcited by 18
  34. 2024Akal Badi ya Bias: An Exploratory Study of Gender Bias in Hindi Language Technologycited by 17
  35. 2024Raising the Bar: Investigating the Values of Large Language Models via Generative Evolving Testingcited by 17
  36. 2023GPTBIAS: A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 16
  37. 2024Large Language Models Still Exhibit Bias in Long Textcited by 16
  38. 2024IndiVec: An Exploration of Leveraging Large Language Models for Media Bias Detection with Fine-Grained Bias Indicatorscited by 15

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