mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multi-Dimensional Gender Bias Classification

arXiv 2005.00614 ↗First posted 1 May 2020cs.CLcited by 80

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Abstract (arXiv)

Machine learning models are trained to find patterns in data. NLP models can inadvertently learn socially undesirable patterns when training on gender biased text. In this work, we propose a general framework that decomposes gender bias in text along several pragmatic and semantic dimensions: bias from the gender of the person being spoken about, bias from the gender of the person being spoken to, and bias from the gender of the speaker. Using this fine-grained framework, we automatically annotate eight large scale datasets with gender information. In addition, we collect a novel, crowdsourced evaluation benchmark of utterance-level gender rewrites. Distinguishing between gender bias along multiple dimensions is important, as it enables us to train finer-grained gender bias classifiers. We show our classifiers prove valuable for a variety of important applications, such as controlling for gender bias in generative models, detecting gender bias in arbitrary text, and shed light on offensive language in terms of genderedness.

Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 May 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 11; 2023: 20; 2024: 16; 2025: 11; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2023Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Modelscited by 204
  2. 2021Societal Biases in Language Generation: Progress and Challengescited by 201
  3. 2022BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engagecited by 197
  4. 2022"I'm sorry to hear that": Finding New Biases in Language Models with a Holistic Descriptor Datasetcited by 160
  5. 2021RedditBias: A Real-World Resource for Bias Evaluation and Debiasing of Conversational Language Modelscited by 149
  6. 2021Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 116
  7. 2021An Empirical Survey of the Effectiveness of Debiasing Techniques for Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 96
  8. 2021Anticipating Safety Issues in E2E Conversational AI: Framework and Toolingcited by 77
  9. 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Researchcited by 62
  10. 2021Dynaboard: An Evaluation-As-A-Service Platform for Holistic Next-Generation Benchmarkingcited by 53
  11. 2022Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLPcited by 51
  12. 2025Creating General User Models from Computer Usecited by 44
38 more
  1. 2025Activation Oracles: Training and Evaluating LLMs as General-Purpose Activation Explainerscited by 41
  2. 2024Angry Men, Sad Women: Large Language Models Reflect Gendered Stereotypes in Emotion Attributioncited by 39
  3. 2021Uncovering Implicit Gender Bias in Narratives through Commonsense Inferencecited by 32
  4. 2023Uncovering and Quantifying Social Biases in Code Generationcited by 25
  5. 2023Zero-Shot Robustification of Zero-Shot Modelscited by 24
  6. 2021Hi, my name is Martha: Using names to measure and mitigate bias in generative dialogue modelscited by 23
  7. 2021A Word on Machine Ethics: A Response to Jiang et al. (2021)cited by 23
  8. 2021Rissanen Data Analysis: Examining Dataset Characteristics via Description Lengthcited by 22
  9. 2022Deep Learning on a Healthy Data Diet: Finding Important Examples for Fairnesscited by 21
  10. 2023Gender Bias in BERT -- Measuring and Analysing Biases through Sentiment Rating in a Realistic Downstream Classification Taskcited by 21
  11. 2021Investigating Failures of Automatic Translation in the Case of Unambiguous Gendercited by 20
  12. 2021Measuring Fairness with Biased Rulers: A Survey on Quantifying Biases in Pretrained Language Modelscited by 20
  13. 2024Cultural Commonsense Knowledge for Intercultural Dialoguescited by 20
  14. 2024SANER: Annotation-free Societal Attribute Neutralizer for Debiasing CLIPcited by 19
  15. 2023Bias in News Summarization: Measures, Pitfalls and Corporacited by 18
  16. 2021Quantifying Gender Bias Towards Politicians in Cross-Lingual Language Modelscited by 15
  17. 2023Unraveling Downstream Gender Bias from Large Language Models: A Study on AI Educational Writing Assistancecited by 15
  18. 2024Gender Bias in Decision-Making with Large Language Models: A Study of Relationship Conflictscited by 15
  19. 2021Adversarial Scrubbing of Demographic Information for Text Classificationcited by 14
  20. 2021The Arabic Parallel Gender Corpus 2.0: Extensions and Analysescited by 12
  21. 2023Towards Auditing Large Language Models: Improving Text-based Stereotype Detectioncited by 12
  22. 2023Tackling Bias in Pre-trained Language Models: Current Trends and Under-represented Societiescited by 11
  23. 2023Are Your Explanations Reliable? Investigating the Stability of LIME in Explaining Text Classifiers by Marrying XAI and Adversarial Attackcited by 10
  24. 2023This Prompt is Measuring <MASK>: Evaluating Bias Evaluation in Language Modelscited by 9
  25. 2022DataLab: A Platform for Data Analysis and Interventioncited by 8
  26. 2023Mitigating Bias for Question Answering Models by Tracking Bias Influencecited by 8
  27. 2022Generating Full Length Wikipedia Biographies: The Impact of Gender Bias on the Retrieval-Based Generation of Women Biographiescited by 7
  28. 2024'Since Lawyers are Males..': Examining Implicit Gender Bias in Hindi Language Generation by LLMscited by 7
  29. 2021Personalized Benchmarking with the Ludwig Benchmarking Toolkitcited by 6
  30. 2022Mind Your Bias: A Critical Review of Bias Detection Methods for Contextual Language Modelscited by 6
  31. 2024The Devil is in the Neurons: Interpreting and Mitigating Social Biases in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 6
  32. 2025Domain Regeneration: How well do LLMs match syntactic properties of text domains?cited by 6
  33. 2021Automatically Exposing Problems with Neural Dialog Modelscited by 5
  34. 2021Quantifying Gender Biases Towards Politicians on Redditcited by 5
  35. 2022Measuring Fairness of Text Classifiers via Prediction Sensitivitycited by 5
  36. 2022Bridging Fairness and Environmental Sustainability in Natural Language Processingcited by 5
  37. 2023Transcending the "Male Code": Implicit Masculine Biases in NLP Contextscited by 5
  38. 2025Assumed Identities: Quantifying Gender Bias in Machine Translation of Gender-Ambiguous Occupational Termscited by 5

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