mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SemEval-2021 Task 6: Detection of Persuasion Techniques in Texts and Images

arXiv 2105.09284 ↗First posted 25 Apr 2021cs.MM cs.CL cs.LGcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

We describe SemEval-2021 task 6 on Detection of Persuasion Techniques in Texts and Images: the data, the annotation guidelines, the evaluation setup, the results, and the participating systems. The task focused on memes and had three subtasks: (i) detecting the techniques in the text, (ii) detecting the text spans where the techniques are used, and (iii) detecting techniques in the entire meme, i.e., both in the text and in the image. It was a popular task, attracting 71 registrations, and 22 teams that eventually made an official submission on the test set. The evaluation results for the third subtask confirmed the importance of both modalities, the text and the image. Moreover, some teams reported benefits when not just combining the two modalities, e.g., by using early or late fusion, but rather modeling the interaction between them in a joint model.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 90 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Apr 2021.

Builds on

23 of 90 references.

References · 23

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 10; 2023: 9; 2024: 8; 2025: 8; 2026: 8.

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  1. 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 85
  2. 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
  3. 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Surveycited by 58
  4. 2021Detecting Propaganda Techniques in Memescited by 43
  5. 2024A Closer Look at Classification Evaluation Metrics and a Critical Reflection of Common Evaluation Practicecited by 26
  6. 2021Overview of the CLEF--2021 CheckThat! Lab on Detecting Check-Worthy Claims, Previously Fact-Checked Claims, and Fake Newscited by 23
  7. 2024Can GPT-4 Identify Propaganda? Annotation and Detection of Propaganda Spans in News Articlescited by 21
  8. 2024LLM-Generated Black-box Explanations Can Be Adversarially Helpfulcited by 20
  9. 2023ArAIEval Shared Task: Persuasion Techniques and Disinformation Detection in Arabic Textcited by 19
  10. 2023Large Language Models for Propaganda Span Annotationcited by 19
  11. 2022Overview of the WANLP 2022 Shared Task on Propaganda Detection in Arabiccited by 18
  12. 2025The CLEF-2025 CheckThat! Lab: Subjectivity, Fact-Checking, Claim Normalization, and Retrievalcited by 14
37 more
  1. 2025Must Read: A Comprehensive Survey of Computational Persuasioncited by 12
  2. 2025Are Vision-Language Models Safe in the Wild? A Meme-Based Benchmark Studycited by 12
  3. 2024ArAIEval Shared Task: Propagandistic Techniques Detection in Unimodal and Multimodal Arabic Contentcited by 11
  4. 2021The Spread of Propaganda by Coordinated Communities on Social Mediacited by 10
  5. 2023Comparison between parameter-efficient techniques and full fine-tuning: A case study on multilingual news article classificationcited by 9
  6. 2023A Template Is All You Memecited by 9
  7. 2024Propaganda to Hate: A Multimodal Analysis of Arabic Memes with Multi-Agent LLMscited by 8
  8. 2025MemeIntel: Explainable Detection of Propagandistic and Hateful Memescited by 8
  9. 2026Unveiling the Cognitive Compass: Theory-of-Mind-Guided Multimodal Emotion Reasoningcited by 8
  10. 2022PeerDA: Data Augmentation via Modeling Peer Relation for Span Identification Taskscited by 7
  11. 2022Using Persuasive Writing Strategies to Explain and Detect Health Misinformationcited by 6
  12. 2024Bag of Tricks for Multimodal AutoML with Image, Text, and Tabular Datacited by 6
  13. 2022BLUE at Memotion 2.0 2022: You have my Image, my Text and my Transformercited by 5
  14. 2023SheffieldVeraAI at SemEval-2023 Task 3: Mono and multilingual approaches for news genre, topic and persuasion technique classificationcited by 5
  15. 2023QCRI at SemEval-2023 Task 3: News Genre, Framing and Persuasion Techniques Detection using Multilingual Modelscited by 5
  16. 2026MemeLens: Multilingual Multitask VLMs for Memescited by 5
  17. 2022Multilingual Persuasion Detection: Video Games as an Invaluable Data Source for NLPcited by 4
  18. 2023KInITVeraAI at SemEval-2023 Task 3: Simple yet Powerful Multilingual Fine-Tuning for Persuasion Techniques Detectioncited by 4
  19. 2025PVP: An Image Dataset for Personalized Visual Persuasion with Persuasion Strategies, Viewer Characteristics, and Persuasiveness Ratingscited by 4
  20. 2022IITD at the WANLP 2022 Shared Task: Multilingual Multi-Granularity Network for Propaganda Detectioncited by 3
  21. 2026The CLEF-2026 CheckThat! Lab: Advancing Multilingual Fact-Checkingcited by 3
  22. 2022Detection of Propaganda Techniques in Visuo-Lingual Metaphor in Memescited by 2
  23. 2024Analyzing Persuasive Strategies in Meme Texts: A Fusion of Language Models with Paraphrase Enrichmentcited by 2
  24. 2022Z-Index at CheckThat! Lab 2022: Check-Worthiness Identification on Tweet Textcited by 1
  25. 2023NAP at SemEval-2023 Task 3: Is Less Really More? (Back-)Translation as Data Augmentation Strategies for Detecting Persuasion Techniquescited by 1
  26. 2023Detecting Propaganda Techniques in Code-Switched Social Media Textcited by 1
  27. 2026Can AI-Generated Persuasion Be Detected? Persuaficial Benchmark and AI vs. Human Linguistic Differencescited by 1
  28. 2026LLM-Based Adversarial Persuasion Attacks on Fact-Checking Systemscited by 1
  29. 2021LIIR at SemEval-2021 task 6: Detection of Persuasion Techniques In Texts and Images using CLIP featurescited by 0
  30. 2022Large Language Models for Multi-label Propaganda Detectioncited by 0
  31. 2024BCAmirs at SemEval-2024 Task 4: Beyond Words: A Multimodal and Multilingual Exploration of Persuasion in Memescited by 0
  32. 2025On the Influence of Discourse Relations in Persuasive Textscited by 0
  33. 2025Building Resilient Information Ecosystems: Large LLM-Generated Dataset of Persuasion Attackscited by 0
  34. 2025Fine-grained Narrative Classification in Biased News Articlescited by 0
  35. 2026When Agents Persuade: Rhetoric Generation and Mitigation in LLMscited by 0
  36. 2026Persuasion Index: A Theory-Guided Framework for Persuasion Analysiscited by 0
  37. 2026A Corpus of Persuasion Techniques in Slavic Languagescited by 0