Detecting Propaganda Techniques in Memes
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Abstract (arXiv)
Propaganda can be defined as a form of communication that aims to influence the opinions or the actions of people towards a specific goal; this is achieved by means of well-defined rhetorical and psychological devices. Propaganda, in the form we know it today, can be dated back to the beginning of the 17th century. However, it is with the advent of the Internet and the social media that it has started to spread on a much larger scale than before, thus becoming major societal and political issue. Nowadays, a large fraction of propaganda in social media is multimodal, mixing textual with visual content. With this in mind, here we propose a new multi-label multimodal task: detecting the type of propaganda techniques used in memes. We further create and release a new corpus of 950 memes, carefully annotated with 22 propaganda techniques, which can appear in the text, in the image, or in both. Our analysis of the corpus shows that understanding both modalities together is essential for detecting these techniques. This is further confirmed in our experiments with several state-of-the-art multimodal models.
Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Aug 2021.
Builds on
20 of 67 references.
References · 20
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- 2021SemEval-2021 Task 6: Detection of Persuasion Techniques in Texts and Imagescited by 49
8 more
- 2020A Multimodal Framework for the Detection of Hateful Memescited by 48
- 2020Detecting Hate Speech in Multi-modal Memescited by 38
- 2017Argotario: Computational Argumentation Meets Serious Gamescited by 29
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 12; 2023: 10; 2024: 9; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 85
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
- 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Surveycited by 58
- 2022Hate-CLIPper: Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification based on Cross-modal Interaction of CLIP Featurescited by 55
- 2022Faking Fake News for Real Fake News Detection: Propaganda-loaded Training Data Generationcited by 41
- 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applicationscited by 27
- 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memescited by 20
- 2023Large Language Models for Propaganda Span Annotationcited by 19
- 2022Overview of the WANLP 2022 Shared Task on Propaganda Detection in Arabiccited by 18
- 2022What do you MEME? Generating Explanations for Visual Semantic Role Labelling in Memescited by 18
- 2021Interpretable Propaganda Detection in News Articlescited by 16
31 more
- 2023LAraBench: Benchmarking Arabic AI with Large Language Modelscited by 16
- 2022Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speechcited by 14
- 2024Missci: Reconstructing Fallacies in Misrepresented Sciencecited by 14
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicitiescited by 13
- 2022Robust and Explainable Identification of Logical Fallacies in Natural Language Argumentscited by 12
- 2024MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencingcited by 12
- 2023MEMEX: Detecting Explanatory Evidence for Memes via Knowledge-Enriched Contextualizationcited by 11
- 2021The Spread of Propaganda by Coordinated Communities on Social Mediacited by 10
- 2024Think Fast, Think Slow, Think Critical: Designing an Automated Propaganda Detection Toolcited by 9
- 2024MemeCraft: Contextual and Stance-Driven Multimodal Meme Generationcited by 9
- 2024Native vs Non-Native Language Prompting: A Comparative Analysiscited by 9
- 2024Propaganda to Hate: A Multimodal Analysis of Arabic Memes with Multi-Agent LLMscited by 8
- 2023MemeGraphs: Linking Memes to Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2025ExPO-HM: Learning to Explain-then-Detect for Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 6
- 2021A Second Pandemic? Analysis of Fake News About COVID-19 Vaccines in Qatarcited by 5
- 2023QCRI at SemEval-2023 Task 3: News Genre, Framing and Persuasion Techniques Detection using Multilingual Modelscited by 5
- 2023Discourse Structures Guided Fine-grained Propaganda Identificationcited by 5
- 2024SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memescited by 4
- 2022IITD at the WANLP 2022 Shared Task: Multilingual Multi-Granularity Network for Propaganda Detectioncited by 3
- 2026M-QUEST -- Meme Question-Understanding Evaluation on Semantics and Toxicitycited by 3
- 2022Detecting the Role of an Entity in Harmful Memes: Techniques and Their Limitationscited by 2
- 2023Causal Intersectionality and Dual Form of Gradient Descent for Multimodal Analysis: a Case Study on Hateful Memescited by 2
- 2024What Makes a Meme a Meme? Identifying Memes for Memetics-Aware Dataset Creationcited by 2
- 2022TeamX@DravidianLangTech-ACL2022: A Comparative Analysis for Troll-Based Meme Classificationcited by 1
- 2022Z-Index at CheckThat! Lab 2022: Check-Worthiness Identification on Tweet Textcited by 1
- 2023Detecting Propaganda Techniques in Code-Switched Social Media Textcited by 1
- 2025Towards Detecting Persuasion on Social Media: From Model Development to Insights on Persuasion Strategiescited by 1
- 2023Multimodal Propaganda Processingcited by 0
- 2026From Emotion to Expression: Theoretical Foundations and Resources for Fear Speechcited by 0
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026Can temporal article-level credibility signals improve domain-level credibility prediction?cited by 0
- 2026Can temporal article-level credibility signals improve domain-level credibility prediction?6 Jul 2026
- 2026M-QUEST -- Meme Question-Understanding Evaluation on Semantics and Toxicity9 Feb 2026
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Framework3 Feb 2026
- 2026From Emotion to Expression: Theoretical Foundations and Resources for Fear Speech23 Jan 2026
- 2025ExPO-HM: Learning to Explain-then-Detect for Hateful Meme Detection8 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards Detecting Persuasion on Social Media: From Model Development to Insights on Persuasion Strategies18 Mar 2025
- 2024SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memes29 Dec 2024
- 2024Propaganda to Hate: A Multimodal Analysis of Arabic Memes with Multi-Agent LLMs11 Sep 2024
- 2024Native vs Non-Native Language Prompting: A Comparative Analysis11 Sep 2024
- 2024What Makes a Meme a Meme? Identifying Memes for Memetics-Aware Dataset Creation16 Jul 2024
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities11 Jun 2024
- 2024Missci: Reconstructing Fallacies in Misrepresented Science5 Jun 2024
31 more
- 2024MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencing18 May 2024
- 2024Think Fast, Think Slow, Think Critical: Designing an Automated Propaganda Detection Tool29 Feb 2024
- 2024MemeCraft: Contextual and Stance-Driven Multimodal Meme Generation24 Feb 2024
- 2023Large Language Models for Propaganda Span Annotation16 Nov 2023
- 2023Discourse Structures Guided Fine-grained Propaganda Identification28 Oct 2023
- 2023Causal Intersectionality and Dual Form of Gradient Descent for Multimodal Analysis: a Case Study on Hateful Memes19 Aug 2023
- 2023MemeGraphs: Linking Memes to Knowledge Graphs28 May 2023
- 2023MEMEX: Detecting Explanatory Evidence for Memes via Knowledge-Enriched Contextualization25 May 2023
- 2023LAraBench: Benchmarking Arabic AI with Large Language Models24 May 2023
- 2023Detecting Propaganda Techniques in Code-Switched Social Media Text23 May 2023
- 2023QCRI at SemEval-2023 Task 3: News Genre, Framing and Persuasion Techniques Detection using Multilingual Models5 May 2023
- 2023Multimodal Propaganda Processing17 Feb 2023
- 2023Multimodality Representation Learning: A Survey on Evolution, Pretraining and Its Applications1 Feb 2023
- 2022Robust and Explainable Identification of Logical Fallacies in Natural Language Arguments12 Dec 2022
- 2022What do you MEME? Generating Explanations for Visual Semantic Role Labelling in Memes1 Dec 2022
- 2022Overview of the WANLP 2022 Shared Task on Propaganda Detection in Arabic18 Nov 2022
- 2022IITD at the WANLP 2022 Shared Task: Multilingual Multi-Granularity Network for Propaganda Detection31 Oct 2022
- 2022Hate-CLIPper: Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification based on Cross-modal Interaction of CLIP Features12 Oct 2022
- 2022Z-Index at CheckThat! Lab 2022: Check-Worthiness Identification on Tweet Text15 Jul 2022
- 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memes11 May 2022
- 2022TeamX@DravidianLangTech-ACL2022: A Comparative Analysis for Troll-Based Meme Classification9 May 2022
- 2022Detecting the Role of an Entity in Harmful Memes: Techniques and Their Limitations9 May 2022
- 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Survey9 May 2022
- 2022Faking Fake News for Real Fake News Detection: Propaganda-loaded Training Data Generation10 Mar 2022
- 2022Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speech18 Jan 2022
- 2021The Spread of Propaganda by Coordinated Communities on Social Media27 Sep 2021
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets24 Sep 2021
- 2021A Second Pandemic? Analysis of Fake News About COVID-19 Vaccines in Qatar22 Sep 2021
- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets11 Sep 2021
- 2021Interpretable Propaganda Detection in News Articles29 Aug 2021
- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checking26 Aug 2021
- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 85
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
- 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Surveycited by 58
- 2022Hate-CLIPper: Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification based on Cross-modal Interaction of CLIP Featurescited by 55
- 2022Faking Fake News for Real Fake News Detection: Propaganda-loaded Training Data Generationcited by 41
- 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memescited by 20
- 2023Large Language Models for Propaganda Span Annotationcited by 19
- 2022Overview of the WANLP 2022 Shared Task on Propaganda Detection in Arabiccited by 18
- 2022What do you MEME? Generating Explanations for Visual Semantic Role Labelling in Memescited by 18
- 2021Interpretable Propaganda Detection in News Articlescited by 16
- 2023LAraBench: Benchmarking Arabic AI with Large Language Modelscited by 16
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2026Can temporal article-level credibility signals improve domain-level credibility prediction?6 Jul 2026
- 2026M-QUEST -- Meme Question-Understanding Evaluation on Semantics and Toxicity9 Feb 2026
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Framework3 Feb 2026
- 2026From Emotion to Expression: Theoretical Foundations and Resources for Fear Speech23 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Detecting Persuasion on Social Media: From Model Development to Insights on Persuasion Strategies18 Mar 2025
- 2024SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memes29 Dec 2024
- 2024Propaganda to Hate: A Multimodal Analysis of Arabic Memes with Multi-Agent LLMs11 Sep 2024
- 2024Native vs Non-Native Language Prompting: A Comparative Analysis11 Sep 2024
- 2024What Makes a Meme a Meme? Identifying Memes for Memetics-Aware Dataset Creation16 Jul 2024
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities11 Jun 2024
- 2024Missci: Reconstructing Fallacies in Misrepresented Science5 Jun 2024
- 2024MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencing18 May 2024
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)