Deep Open Intent Classification with Adaptive Decision Boundary
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Abstract (arXiv)
Open intent classification is a challenging task in dialogue systems. On the one hand, it should ensure the quality of known intent identification. On the other hand, it needs to detect the open (unknown) intent without prior knowledge. Current models are limited in finding the appropriate decision boundary to balance the performances of both known intents and the open intent. In this paper, we propose a post-processing method to learn the adaptive decision boundary (ADB) for open intent classification. We first utilize the labeled known intent samples to pre-train the model. Then, we automatically learn the adaptive spherical decision boundary for each known class with the aid of well-trained features. Specifically, we propose a new loss function to balance both the empirical risk and the open space risk. Our method does not need open intent samples and is free from modifying the model architecture. Moreover, our approach is surprisingly insensitive with less labeled data and fewer known intents. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets show that our method yields significant improvements compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The codes are released at https://github.com/thuiar/Adaptive-Decision-Boundary.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 15; 2023: 15; 2024: 14; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2022UniMSE: Towards Unified Multimodal Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Recognitioncited by 61
- 2021A Survey on Spoken Language Understanding: Recent Advances and New Frontierscited by 53
- 2021Out-of-Scope Intent Detection with Self-Supervision and Discriminative Trainingcited by 42
- 2022MIntRec: A New Dataset for Multimodal Intent Recognitioncited by 41
- 2023A Survey on Out-of-Distribution Detection in NLPcited by 31
- 2022Duplex Conversation: Towards Human-like Interaction in Spoken Dialogue Systemscited by 28
- 2024MIntRec2.0: A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Multimodal Intent Recognition and Out-of-scope Detection in Conversationscited by 25
- 2021TEXTOIR: An Integrated and Visualized Platform for Text Open Intent Recognitioncited by 24
- 2022Learning Discriminative Representations and Decision Boundaries for Open Intent Detectioncited by 15
- 2022Towards Open-Set Text Recognition via Label-to-Prototype Learningcited by 12
- 2022Estimating Soft Labels for Out-of-Domain Intent Detectioncited by 11
- 2024Why Misinformation is Created? Detecting them by Integrating Intent Featurescited by 11
38 more
- 2022Generalized Intent Discovery: Learning from Open World Dialogue Systemcited by 10
- 2023Intent Induction from Conversations for Task-Oriented Dialogue Track at DSTC 11cited by 10
- 2023A Clustering Framework for Unsupervised and Semi-supervised New Intent Discoverycited by 9
- 2023ChatGPT as Data Augmentation for Compositional Generalization: A Case Study in Open Intent Detectioncited by 9
- 2024UniMEEC: Towards Unified Multimodal Emotion Recognition and Emotion Causecited by 8
- 2024IntentGPT: Few-shot Intent Discovery with Large Language Modelscited by 8
- 2023Out-of-Domain Intent Detection Considering Multi-Turn Dialogue Contextscited by 6
- 2022Learning to Classify Open Intent via Soft Labeling and Manifold Mixupcited by 5
- 2022UniNL: Aligning Representation Learning with Scoring Function for OOD Detection via Unified Neighborhood Learningcited by 5
- 2023Domain Incremental Lifelong Learning in an Open Worldcited by 5
- 2025Capsule Network-Based Semantic Intent Modeling for Human-Computer Interactioncited by 5
- 2024Domain Adaptation in Intent Classification Systems: A Reviewcited by 4
- 2022Learning Better Intent Representations for Financial Open Intent Classificationcited by 3
- 2023Effective Open Intent Classification with K-center Contrastive Learning and Adjustable Decision Boundarycited by 3
- 2024LIT: Large Language Model Driven Intention Tracking for Proactive Human-Robot Collaboration -- A Robot Sous-Chef Applicationcited by 3
- 2024Out-of-Distribution Detection through Soft Clustering with Non-Negative Kernel Regressioncited by 3
- 2022Disentangling Task Relations for Few-shot Text Classification via Self-Supervised Hierarchical Task Clusteringcited by 2
- 2022Intent Recognition in Conversational Recommender Systemscited by 2
- 2023A Hybrid Architecture for Out of Domain Intent Detection and Intent Discoverycited by 2
- 2024Improved Out-of-Scope Intent Classification with Dual Encoding and Threshold-based Re-Classificationcited by 2
- 2024From Zero to Hero: Cold-Start Anomaly Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Uddessho: An Extensive Benchmark Dataset for Multimodal Author Intent Classification in Low-Resource Bangla Languagecited by 2
- 2024Continuous Risk Predictioncited by 2
- 2024Multi-Granularity Open Intent Classification via Adaptive Granular-Ball Decision Boundarycited by 2
- 2025IPQA: A Benchmark for Core Intent Identification in Personalized Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2023Open World Classification with Adaptive Negative Samplescited by 1
- 2023Open Set Relation Extraction via Unknown-Aware Trainingcited by 1
- 2024The Master-Slave Encoder Model for Improving Patent Text Summarization: A New Approach to Combining Specifications and Claimscited by 1
- 2022Metric Learning and Adaptive Boundary for Out-of-Domain Detectioncited by 0
- 2022Building the Intent Landscape of Real-World Conversational Corpora with Extractive Question-Answering Transformerscited by 0
- 2022Continuous QA Learning with Structured Promptscited by 0
- 2023Speaker Profiling in Multiparty Conversationscited by 0
- 2023BED: Bi-Encoder-Based Detectors for Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 0
- 2023Utilisation of open intent recognition models for customer support intent detectioncited by 0
- 2023SNOiC: Soft Labeling and Noisy Mixup based Open Intent Classification Modelcited by 0
- 2023TK-KNN: A Balanced Distance-Based Pseudo Labeling Approach for Semi-Supervised Intent Classificationcited by 0
- 2024VI-OOD: A Unified Representation Learning Framework for Textual Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Open-Set Living Need Prediction with Large Language Modelscited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026A Multi-cluster Boundary Learning Method for Out-of-Scope Intent Detection via MiniLM Embedding8 Jul 2026
- 2026GJDNet: Robust Graph Neural Networks via Joint Disentangled Learning Against Adversarial Attacks1 Jun 2026
- 2026Open-Ended Instruction Realization with LLM-Enabled Multi-Planner Scheduling in Autonomous Vehicles9 Apr 2026
- 2025OpenCML: End-to-End Framework of Open-world Machine Learning to Learn Unknown Classes Incrementally23 Nov 2025
- 2025IDALC: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Intent Detection and Active Learning based Correction8 Nov 2025
- 2025IPQA: A Benchmark for Core Intent Identification in Personalized Question Answering27 Oct 2025
- 2025DROID: Dual Representation for Out-of-Scope Intent Detection15 Oct 2025
- 2025Capsule Network-Based Semantic Intent Modeling for Human-Computer Interaction1 Jul 2025
- 2025Open-Set Living Need Prediction with Large Language Models3 Jun 2025
- 2024Multi-Granularity Open Intent Classification via Adaptive Granular-Ball Decision Boundary18 Dec 2024
- 2024The Master-Slave Encoder Model for Improving Patent Text Summarization: A New Approach to Combining Specifications and Claims21 Nov 2024
- 2024IntentGPT: Few-shot Intent Discovery with Large Language Models16 Nov 2024
38 more
- 2024Continuous Risk Prediction12 Oct 2024
- 2024Uddessho: An Extensive Benchmark Dataset for Multimodal Author Intent Classification in Low-Resource Bangla Language14 Sep 2024
- 2024Why Misinformation is Created? Detecting them by Integrating Intent Features27 Jul 2024
- 2024Out-of-Distribution Detection through Soft Clustering with Non-Negative Kernel Regression18 Jul 2024
- 2024LIT: Large Language Model Driven Intention Tracking for Proactive Human-Robot Collaboration -- A Robot Sous-Chef Application19 Jun 2024
- 2024From Zero to Hero: Cold-Start Anomaly Detection30 May 2024
- 2024Improved Out-of-Scope Intent Classification with Dual Encoding and Threshold-based Re-Classification30 May 2024
- 2024VI-OOD: A Unified Representation Learning Framework for Textual Out-of-distribution Detection9 Apr 2024
- 2024UniMEEC: Towards Unified Multimodal Emotion Recognition and Emotion Cause30 Mar 2024
- 2024Domain Adaptation in Intent Classification Systems: A Review26 Mar 2024
- 2024MIntRec2.0: A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Multimodal Intent Recognition and Out-of-scope Detection in Conversations16 Mar 2024
- 2023TK-KNN: A Balanced Distance-Based Pseudo Labeling Approach for Semi-Supervised Intent Classification17 Oct 2023
- 2023SNOiC: Soft Labeling and Noisy Mixup based Open Intent Classification Model11 Oct 2023
- 2023ChatGPT as Data Augmentation for Compositional Generalization: A Case Study in Open Intent Detection25 Aug 2023
- 2023Utilisation of open intent recognition models for customer support intent detection31 Jul 2023
- 2023BED: Bi-Encoder-Based Detectors for Out-of-Distribution Detection15 Jun 2023
- 2023Open Set Relation Extraction via Unknown-Aware Training8 Jun 2023
- 2023Domain Incremental Lifelong Learning in an Open World11 May 2023
- 2023Out-of-Domain Intent Detection Considering Multi-Turn Dialogue Contexts5 May 2023
- 2023A Survey on Out-of-Distribution Detection in NLP5 May 2023
- 2023Intent Induction from Conversations for Task-Oriented Dialogue Track at DSTC 1125 Apr 2023
- 2023Effective Open Intent Classification with K-center Contrastive Learning and Adjustable Decision Boundary20 Apr 2023
- 2023Speaker Profiling in Multiparty Conversations18 Apr 2023
- 2023A Clustering Framework for Unsupervised and Semi-supervised New Intent Discovery16 Apr 2023
- 2023Open World Classification with Adaptive Negative Samples9 Mar 2023
- 2023A Hybrid Architecture for Out of Domain Intent Detection and Intent Discovery7 Mar 2023
- 2022Intent Recognition in Conversational Recommender Systems6 Dec 2022
- 2022UniMSE: Towards Unified Multimodal Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Recognition21 Nov 2022
- 2022Disentangling Task Relations for Few-shot Text Classification via Self-Supervised Hierarchical Task Clustering16 Nov 2022
- 2022Estimating Soft Labels for Out-of-Domain Intent Detection10 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning Better Intent Representations for Financial Open Intent Classification25 Oct 2022
- 2022UniNL: Aligning Representation Learning with Scoring Function for OOD Detection via Unified Neighborhood Learning19 Oct 2022
- 2022Generalized Intent Discovery: Learning from Open World Dialogue System13 Sep 2022
- 2022MIntRec: A New Dataset for Multimodal Intent Recognition9 Sep 2022
- 2022Continuous QA Learning with Structured Prompts31 Aug 2022
- 2022Building the Intent Landscape of Real-World Conversational Corpora with Extractive Question-Answering Transformers26 Aug 2022
- 2022Duplex Conversation: Towards Human-like Interaction in Spoken Dialogue Systems30 May 2022
- 2022Metric Learning and Adaptive Boundary for Out-of-Domain Detection22 Apr 2022
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2022UniMSE: Towards Unified Multimodal Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Recognitioncited by 61
- 2021A Survey on Spoken Language Understanding: Recent Advances and New Frontierscited by 53
- 2021Out-of-Scope Intent Detection with Self-Supervision and Discriminative Trainingcited by 42
- 2022MIntRec: A New Dataset for Multimodal Intent Recognitioncited by 41
- 2023A Survey on Out-of-Distribution Detection in NLPcited by 31
- 2022Duplex Conversation: Towards Human-like Interaction in Spoken Dialogue Systemscited by 28
- 2024MIntRec2.0: A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Multimodal Intent Recognition and Out-of-scope Detection in Conversationscited by 25
- 2021TEXTOIR: An Integrated and Visualized Platform for Text Open Intent Recognitioncited by 24
- 2022Learning Discriminative Representations and Decision Boundaries for Open Intent Detectioncited by 15
- 2022Towards Open-Set Text Recognition via Label-to-Prototype Learningcited by 12
- 2022Estimating Soft Labels for Out-of-Domain Intent Detectioncited by 11
- 2024Why Misinformation is Created? Detecting them by Integrating Intent Featurescited by 11
12 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)
- 2026A Multi-cluster Boundary Learning Method for Out-of-Scope Intent Detection via MiniLM Embedding8 Jul 2026
- 2026GJDNet: Robust Graph Neural Networks via Joint Disentangled Learning Against Adversarial Attacks1 Jun 2026
- 2025OpenCML: End-to-End Framework of Open-world Machine Learning to Learn Unknown Classes Incrementally23 Nov 2025
- 2025IDALC: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Intent Detection and Active Learning based Correction8 Nov 2025
- 2025IPQA: A Benchmark for Core Intent Identification in Personalized Question Answering27 Oct 2025
- 2025DROID: Dual Representation for Out-of-Scope Intent Detection15 Oct 2025
- 2025Capsule Network-Based Semantic Intent Modeling for Human-Computer Interaction1 Jul 2025
- 2024Multi-Granularity Open Intent Classification via Adaptive Granular-Ball Decision Boundary18 Dec 2024
- 2024The Master-Slave Encoder Model for Improving Patent Text Summarization: A New Approach to Combining Specifications and Claims21 Nov 2024
- 2024IntentGPT: Few-shot Intent Discovery with Large Language Models16 Nov 2024
- 2024Continuous Risk Prediction12 Oct 2024
- 2024Uddessho: An Extensive Benchmark Dataset for Multimodal Author Intent Classification in Low-Resource Bangla Language14 Sep 2024
12 newest of 53 All 53 (JSON)