TACTO: A Fast, Flexible, and Open-source Simulator for High-Resolution Vision-based Tactile Sensors
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Abstract (arXiv)
Simulators perform an important role in prototyping, debugging, and benchmarking new advances in robotics and learning for control. Although many physics engines exist, some aspects of the real world are harder than others to simulate. One of the aspects that have so far eluded accurate simulation is touch sensing. To address this gap, we present TACTO - a fast, flexible, and open-source simulator for vision-based tactile sensors. This simulator allows to render realistic high-resolution touch readings at hundreds of frames per second, and can be easily configured to simulate different vision-based tactile sensors, including DIGIT and OmniTact. In this paper, we detail the principles that drove the implementation of TACTO and how they are reflected in its architecture. We demonstrate TACTO on a perceptual task, by learning to predict grasp stability using touch from 1 million grasps, and on a marble manipulation control task. Moreover, we provide a proof-of-concept that TACTO can be successfully used for Sim2Real applications. We believe that TACTO is a step towards the widespread adoption of touch sensing in robotic applications, and to enable machine learning practitioners interested in multi-modal learning and control. TACTO is open-source at https://github.com/facebookresearch/tacto.
Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 12; 2024: 11; 2025: 14; 2026: 11.
59 papers.
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- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 564
- 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulationcited by 484
- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AIcited by 175
- 2024Binding Touch to Everything: Learning Unified Multimodal Tactile Representationscited by 94
- 2022Touch and Go: Learning from Human-Collected Vision and Touchcited by 84
- 2022ObjectFolder 2.0: A Multisensory Object Dataset for Sim2Real Transfercited by 73
- 2021ObjectFolder: A Dataset of Objects with Implicit Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Representationscited by 67
- 2022Factory: Fast Contact for Robotic Assemblycited by 49
- 2025AnyTouch: Learning Unified Static-Dynamic Representation across Multiple Visuo-tactile Sensorscited by 46
- 2023The ObjectFolder Benchmark: Multisensory Learning with Neural and Real Objectscited by 40
- 2024MultiPLY: A Multisensory Object-Centric Embodied Large Language Model in 3D Worldcited by 38
- 2024A Survey of Embodied Learning for Object-Centric Robotic Manipulationcited by 34
38 more
- 2024Multimodal Visual-Tactile Representation Learning through Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Trainingcited by 30
- 2025Touch in the Wild: Learning Fine-Grained Manipulation with a Portable Visuo-Tactile Grippercited by 29
- 2023Neural feels with neural fields: Visuo-tactile perception for in-hand manipulationcited by 28
- 2024AnyRotate: Gravity-Invariant In-Hand Object Rotation with Sim-to-Real Touchcited by 18
- 2021Tactile Sim-to-Real Policy Transfer via Real-to-Sim Image Translationcited by 17
- 2023Learning to Read Braille: Bridging the Tactile Reality Gap with Diffusion Modelscited by 17
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AIcited by 16
- 2023TouchSDF: A DeepSDF Approach for 3D Shape Reconstruction using Vision-Based Tactile Sensingcited by 15
- 2021Towards Learning to Play Piano with Dexterous Hands and Touchcited by 14
- 2022Neural Contact Fields: Tracking Extrinsic Contact with Tactile Sensingcited by 13
- 2023Visual-Tactile Sensing for In-Hand Object Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2024Learning In-Hand Translation Using Tactile Skin With Shear and Normal Force Sensingcited by 13
- 2022Visuo-Haptic Object Perception for Robots: An Overviewcited by 12
- 2023FingerSLAM: Closed-loop Unknown Object Localization and Reconstruction from Visuo-tactile Feedbackcited by 12
- 2025A Survey on Imitation Learning for Contact-Rich Tasks in Roboticscited by 12
- 2023AcTExplore: Active Tactile Exploration of Unknown Objectscited by 11
- 2023Collision-aware In-hand 6D Object Pose Estimation using Multiple Vision-based Tactile Sensorscited by 10
- 2021Robot Skill Adaptation via Soft Actor-Critic Gaussian Mixture Modelscited by 9
- 2025Robot Control Stack: A Lean Ecosystem for Robot Learning at Scalecited by 8
- 2025Taccel: Scaling Up Vision-based Tactile Robotics via High-performance GPU Simulationcited by 6
- 2023ReProHRL: Towards Multi-Goal Navigation in the Real World using Hierarchical Agentscited by 5
- 2023Tactile-Filter: Interactive Tactile Perception for Part Matingcited by 4
- 2023Sim2Real Bilevel Adaptation for Object Surface Classification using Vision-Based Tactile Sensorscited by 4
- 2022Learning to Synthesize Volumetric Meshes from Vision-based Tactile Imprintscited by 3
- 2025Tacchi 2.0: A Low Computational Cost and Comprehensive Dynamic Contact Simulator for Vision-based Tactile Sensorscited by 3
- 2025ViTa-Zero: Zero-shot Visuotactile Object 6D Pose Estimationcited by 3
- 2025ViTaSCOPE: Visuo-tactile Implicit Representation for In-hand Pose and Extrinsic Contact Estimationcited by 3
- 2025RoboManipBaselines: A Unified Framework for Imitation Learning in Robotic Manipulation across Real and Simulation Environmentscited by 3
- 2026HydroShear: Hydroelastic Shear Simulation for Tactile Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2024Optimizing BioTac Simulation for Realistic Tactile Perceptioncited by 2
- 2024ACROSS: A Deformation-Based Cross-Modal Representation for Robotic Tactile Perceptioncited by 2
- 2025Tactile MNIST: Benchmarking Active Tactile Perceptioncited by 2
- 2026Bench2Dex: Benchmarking Visuo-Tactile Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation Across Dexterous Handscited by 2
- 2025Learning to Play Piano in the Real Worldcited by 1
- 2025RETRO: REthinking Tactile Representation Learning with Material PriOrscited by 1
- 2026FlowTouch: View-Invariant Visuo-Tactile Predictioncited by 1
- 2023Tactile Active Inference Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Robotic Manipulation Skill Acquisitioncited by 0
- 2024PseudoTouch: Efficiently Imaging the Surface Feel of Objects for Robotic Manipulationcited by 0
50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026Uni-VLaT: Whole-Body Tactile Adaptation of VLA Policies for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation28 Sep 2026
- 2026Calibration-Free Surface Normals Estimation in Vision-Based Tactile Sensing using Universal Photometric Stereo23 Sep 2026
- 2026Bench2Dex: Benchmarking Visuo-Tactile Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation Across Dexterous Hands14 Sep 2026
- 2026ODeform: Learning Continuous 4D Motion for Shape Deformation with Neural ODEs22 Jul 2026
- 2026RCT: A Robot-Collected Touch-Vision-Language Dataset for Tactile Generalization30 Jun 2026
- 2026Reduced-order Neural Modeling with Differentiable Simulation for High-Detail Tactile Perception6 May 2026
- 2026DOT-Sim: Differentiable Optical Tactile Simulation with Precise Real-to-Sim Physical Calibration30 Apr 2026
- 2026FlowTouch: View-Invariant Visuo-Tactile Prediction9 Mar 2026
- 2026HydroShear: Hydroelastic Shear Simulation for Tactile Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learning28 Feb 2026
- 2026MultiDiffSense: Diffusion-Based Multi-Modal Visuo-Tactile Image Generation Conditioned on Object Shape and Contact Pose22 Feb 2026
- 2026Monocular Reconstruction of Neural Tactile Fields13 Feb 2026
- 2025RoboManipBaselines: A Unified Framework for Imitation Learning in Robotic Manipulation across Real and Simulation Environments21 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025Robot Control Stack: A Lean Ecosystem for Robot Learning at Scale18 Sep 2025
- 2025Touch in the Wild: Learning Fine-Grained Manipulation with a Portable Visuo-Tactile Gripper20 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey on Imitation Learning for Contact-Rich Tasks in Robotics16 Jun 2025
- 2025ViTaSCOPE: Visuo-tactile Implicit Representation for In-hand Pose and Extrinsic Contact Estimation13 Jun 2025
- 2025Tactile MNIST: Benchmarking Active Tactile Perception3 Jun 2025
- 2025ControlTac: Scaling Tactile Data with Physically Controlled Tactile Image Generation26 May 2025
- 2025RETRO: REthinking Tactile Representation Learning with Material PriOrs20 May 2025
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AI1 May 2025
- 2025ViTa-Zero: Zero-shot Visuotactile Object 6D Pose Estimation17 Apr 2025
- 2025Taccel: Scaling Up Vision-based Tactile Robotics via High-performance GPU Simulation17 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning to Play Piano in the Real World19 Mar 2025
- 2025Tacchi 2.0: A Low Computational Cost and Comprehensive Dynamic Contact Simulator for Vision-based Tactile Sensors12 Mar 2025
- 2025AnyTouch: Learning Unified Static-Dynamic Representation across Multiple Visuo-tactile Sensors15 Feb 2025
- 2024ACROSS: A Deformation-Based Cross-Modal Representation for Robotic Tactile Perception13 Nov 2024
- 2024A Survey of Embodied Learning for Object-Centric Robotic Manipulation21 Aug 2024
- 2024Learning In-Hand Translation Using Tactile Skin With Shear and Normal Force Sensing10 Jul 2024
- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AI9 Jul 2024
- 2024AnyRotate: Gravity-Invariant In-Hand Object Rotation with Sim-to-Real Touch12 May 2024
- 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulation9 May 2024
- 2024Optimizing BioTac Simulation for Realistic Tactile Perception16 Apr 2024
- 2024PseudoTouch: Efficiently Imaging the Surface Feel of Objects for Robotic Manipulation22 Mar 2024
- 2024Binding Touch to Everything: Learning Unified Multimodal Tactile Representations31 Jan 2024
- 2024Multimodal Visual-Tactile Representation Learning through Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Training22 Jan 2024
- 2024MultiPLY: A Multisensory Object-Centric Embodied Large Language Model in 3D World16 Jan 2024
- 2023Neural feels with neural fields: Visuo-tactile perception for in-hand manipulation20 Dec 2023
- 2023TouchSDF: A DeepSDF Approach for 3D Shape Reconstruction using Vision-Based Tactile Sensing21 Nov 2023
- 2023Tactile Active Inference Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Robotic Manipulation Skill Acquisition19 Nov 2023
- 2023Sim2Real Bilevel Adaptation for Object Surface Classification using Vision-Based Tactile Sensors2 Nov 2023
- 2023AcTExplore: Active Tactile Exploration of Unknown Objects12 Oct 2023
- 2023ReProHRL: Towards Multi-Goal Navigation in the Real World using Hierarchical Agents17 Aug 2023
- 2023The ObjectFolder Benchmark: Multisensory Learning with Neural and Real Objects1 Jun 2023
- 2023Learning to Read Braille: Bridging the Tactile Reality Gap with Diffusion Models3 Apr 2023
- 2023Visual-Tactile Sensing for In-Hand Object Reconstruction25 Mar 2023
- 2023FingerSLAM: Closed-loop Unknown Object Localization and Reconstruction from Visuo-tactile Feedback14 Mar 2023
- 2023Tactile-Filter: Interactive Tactile Perception for Part Mating10 Mar 2023
- 2023Collision-aware In-hand 6D Object Pose Estimation using Multiple Vision-based Tactile Sensors31 Jan 2023
- 2022Touch and Go: Learning from Human-Collected Vision and Touch22 Nov 2022
- 2022Neural Contact Fields: Tracking Extrinsic Contact with Tactile Sensing17 Oct 2022
50 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 564
- 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulationcited by 484
- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AIcited by 175
- 2024Binding Touch to Everything: Learning Unified Multimodal Tactile Representationscited by 94
- 2022Touch and Go: Learning from Human-Collected Vision and Touchcited by 84
- 2022ObjectFolder 2.0: A Multisensory Object Dataset for Sim2Real Transfercited by 73
- 2021ObjectFolder: A Dataset of Objects with Implicit Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Representationscited by 67
- 2022Factory: Fast Contact for Robotic Assemblycited by 49
- 2025AnyTouch: Learning Unified Static-Dynamic Representation across Multiple Visuo-tactile Sensorscited by 46
- 2023The ObjectFolder Benchmark: Multisensory Learning with Neural and Real Objectscited by 40
- 2024MultiPLY: A Multisensory Object-Centric Embodied Large Language Model in 3D Worldcited by 38
- 2024A Survey of Embodied Learning for Object-Centric Robotic Manipulationcited by 34
12 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)
- 2026Calibration-Free Surface Normals Estimation in Vision-Based Tactile Sensing using Universal Photometric Stereo23 Sep 2026
- 2026Bench2Dex: Benchmarking Visuo-Tactile Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation Across Dexterous Hands14 Sep 2026
- 2026ODeform: Learning Continuous 4D Motion for Shape Deformation with Neural ODEs22 Jul 2026
- 2026RCT: A Robot-Collected Touch-Vision-Language Dataset for Tactile Generalization30 Jun 2026
- 2026Reduced-order Neural Modeling with Differentiable Simulation for High-Detail Tactile Perception6 May 2026
- 2026DOT-Sim: Differentiable Optical Tactile Simulation with Precise Real-to-Sim Physical Calibration30 Apr 2026
- 2026FlowTouch: View-Invariant Visuo-Tactile Prediction9 Mar 2026
- 2026HydroShear: Hydroelastic Shear Simulation for Tactile Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learning28 Feb 2026
- 2026MultiDiffSense: Diffusion-Based Multi-Modal Visuo-Tactile Image Generation Conditioned on Object Shape and Contact Pose22 Feb 2026
- 2026Monocular Reconstruction of Neural Tactile Fields13 Feb 2026
- 2025Touch in the Wild: Learning Fine-Grained Manipulation with a Portable Visuo-Tactile Gripper20 Jul 2025
- 2025ViTaSCOPE: Visuo-tactile Implicit Representation for In-hand Pose and Extrinsic Contact Estimation13 Jun 2025
12 newest of 53 All 53 (JSON)