How does this interaction affect me? Interpretable attribution for feature interactions
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning transparency calls for interpretable explanations of how inputs relate to predictions. Feature attribution is a way to analyze the impact of features on predictions. Feature interactions are the contextual dependence between features that jointly impact predictions. There are a number of methods that extract feature interactions in prediction models; however, the methods that assign attributions to interactions are either uninterpretable, model-specific, or non-axiomatic. We propose an interaction attribution and detection framework called Archipelago which addresses these problems and is also scalable in real-world settings. Our experiments on standard annotation labels indicate our approach provides significantly more interpretable explanations than comparable methods, which is important for analyzing the impact of interactions on predictions. We also provide accompanying visualizations of our approach that give new insights into deep neural networks.
Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 15; 2023: 19; 2024: 14; 2025: 7; 2026: 6.
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- 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 299
- 2022Towards Faithful Model Explanation in NLP: A Surveycited by 129
- 2022Faith-Shap: The Faithful Shapley Interaction Indexcited by 68
- 2023SHAP-IQ: Unified Approximation of any-order Shapley Interactionscited by 50
- 2024shapiq: Shapley Interactions for Machine Learningcited by 42
- 2024Beyond TreeSHAP: Efficient Computation of Any-Order Shapley Interactions for Tree Ensemblescited by 30
- 2022Sparse Interaction Additive Networks via Feature Interaction Detection and Sparse Selectioncited by 28
- 2024Decoupling Pixel Flipping and Occlusion Strategy for Consistent XAI Benchmarkscited by 28
- 2024KernelSHAP-IQ: Weighted Least-Square Optimization for Shapley Interactionscited by 22
- 2021Algorithm Fairness in AI for Medicine and Healthcarecited by 21
- 2022Discovering Salient Neurons in Deep NLP Modelscited by 21
- 2021Connecting Attributions and QA Model Behavior on Realistic Counterfactualscited by 20
38 more
- 2021Logic Traps in Evaluating Attribution Scorescited by 18
- 2021PredDiff: Explanations and Interactions from Conditional Expectationscited by 16
- 2021MIMIC-IF: Interpretability and Fairness Evaluation of Deep Learning Models on MIMIC-IV Datasetcited by 15
- 2021Explainable Deep Learning in Healthcare: A Methodological Survey from an Attribution Viewcited by 15
- 2023Explanations of Black-Box Models based on Directional Feature Interactionscited by 15
- 2023Efficient XAI Techniques: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 14
- 2021Towards Rigorous Interpretations: a Formalisation of Feature Attributioncited by 11
- 2021Thermostat: A Large Collection of NLP Model Explanations and Analysis Toolscited by 11
- 2024Normalized AOPC: Fixing Misleading Faithfulness Metrics for Feature Attribution Explainabilitycited by 10
- 2024Unifying Feature-Based Explanations with Functional ANOVA and Cooperative Game Theorycited by 10
- 2024Explaining Text Similarity in Transformer Modelscited by 9
- 2023Feature Interactions Reveal Linguistic Structure in Language Modelscited by 8
- 2022Trade-off Between Efficiency and Consistency for Removal-based Explanationscited by 6
- 2023Sum-of-Parts: Self-Attributing Neural Networks with End-to-End Learning of Feature Groupscited by 6
- 2024Why do explanations fail? A typology and discussion on failures in XAIcited by 6
- 2024JoPA:Explaining Large Language Model's Generation via Joint Prompt Attributioncited by 6
- 2025Explaining Similarity in Vision-Language Encoders with Weighted Banzhaf Interactionscited by 6
- 2026PolySHAP: Extending KernelSHAP with Interaction-Informed Polynomial Regressioncited by 6
- 2021Interpretable Artificial Intelligence through the Lens of Feature Interactioncited by 5
- 2021Improving Attribution Methods by Learning Submodular Functionscited by 5
- 2022ReX: A Framework for Incorporating Temporal Information in Model-Agnostic Local Explanation Techniquescited by 5
- 2023Exploring the cloud of feature interaction scores in a Rashomon setcited by 5
- 2023SmoothHess: ReLU Network Feature Interactions via Stein's Lemmacited by 5
- 2024Evaluating Input Feature Explanations through a Unified Diagnostic Evaluation Frameworkcited by 5
- 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXpertscited by 5
- 2021Fine-grained Interpretation and Causation Analysis in Deep NLP Modelscited by 4
- 2022Continuous Diagnosis and Prognosis by Controlling the Update Process of Deep Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2023How to address monotonicity for model risk management?cited by 4
- 2025Correcting Gradient-Based Circuit Localization via Interaction-Aware Backpropagationcited by 4
- 2021Beyond Importance Scores: Interpreting Tabular ML by Visualizing Feature Semanticscited by 3
- 2022Explicit Feature Interaction-aware Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2022Generalized Groves of Neural Additive Models: Pursuing transparent and accurate machine learning models in financecited by 2
- 2022Interpretable Selective Learning in Credit Riskcited by 2
- 2022Toward Multiple Specialty Learners for Explaining GNNs via Online Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2023Distributing Synergy Functions: Unifying Game-Theoretic Interaction Methods for Machine-Learning Explainabilitycited by 2
- 2023A General Framework for Visualizing Embedding Spaces of Neural Survival Analysis Models Based on Angular Informationcited by 2
- 2023How Well Do Feature-Additive Explainers Explain Feature-Additive Predictors?cited by 2
- 2025iLOCO: Distribution-Free Inference for Feature Interactionscited by 2
50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026Local Additive Feature Attribution: A Mathematical Taxonomy and Reporting Checklist15 Jul 2026
- 2026The Representational Limit of Scalar Interactions: An Interventional Decomposition17 Jun 2026
- 2026XtrAIn: Training-Guided Occlusion for Feature Attribution9 Jun 2026
- 2026Interactions Between Crosscoder Features: A Compact Proofs Perspective8 Jun 2026
- 2026H-Sets: Hessian-Guided Discovery of Set-Level Feature Interactions in Image Classifiers23 Apr 2026
- 2026PolySHAP: Extending KernelSHAP with Interaction-Informed Polynomial Regression26 Jan 2026
- 2025Why is "Chicago" Predictive of Deceptive Reviews? Using LLMs to Discover Language Phenomena from Lexical Cues17 Nov 2025
- 2025Higher-Order Causal Structure Learning with Additive Models5 Nov 2025
- 2025CUBE: Contrastive Understanding by Balanced Experiments13 Sep 2025
- 2025EMMM, Explain Me My Model! Explainable Machine Generated Text Detection in Dialogues26 Aug 2025
- 2025Explaining Similarity in Vision-Language Encoders with Weighted Banzhaf Interactions7 Aug 2025
- 2025Correcting Gradient-Based Circuit Localization via Interaction-Aware Backpropagation23 May 2025
38 more
- 2025iLOCO: Distribution-Free Inference for Feature Interactions10 Feb 2025
- 2024Unifying Feature-Based Explanations with Functional ANOVA and Cooperative Game Theory22 Dec 2024
- 2024shapiq: Shapley Interactions for Machine Learning2 Oct 2024
- 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXperts20 Sep 2024
- 2024Normalized AOPC: Fixing Misleading Faithfulness Metrics for Feature Attribution Explainability15 Aug 2024
- 2024Discovering Car-following Dynamics from Trajectory Data through Deep Learning1 Aug 2024
- 2024Evaluating Input Feature Explanations through a Unified Diagnostic Evaluation Framework21 Jun 2024
- 2024JoPA:Explaining Large Language Model's Generation via Joint Prompt Attribution30 May 2024
- 2024Why do explanations fail? A typology and discussion on failures in XAI22 May 2024
- 2024NubbleDrop: A Simple Way to Improve Matching Strategy for Prompted One-Shot Segmentation19 May 2024
- 2024KernelSHAP-IQ: Weighted Least-Square Optimization for Shapley Interactions17 May 2024
- 2024Explaining Text Similarity in Transformer Models10 May 2024
- 2024PE: A Poincare Explanation Method for Fast Text Hierarchy Generation25 Mar 2024
- 2024Beyond TreeSHAP: Efficient Computation of Any-Order Shapley Interactions for Tree Ensembles22 Jan 2024
- 2024Decoupling Pixel Flipping and Occlusion Strategy for Consistent XAI Benchmarks12 Jan 2024
- 2023CIDR: A Cooperative Integrated Dynamic Refining Method for Minimal Feature Removal Problem13 Dec 2023
- 2023SmoothHess: ReLU Network Feature Interactions via Stein's Lemma1 Nov 2023
- 2023How Well Do Feature-Additive Explainers Explain Feature-Additive Predictors?27 Oct 2023
- 2023Sum-of-Parts: Self-Attributing Neural Networks with End-to-End Learning of Feature Groups25 Oct 2023
- 2023Explaining Interactions Between Text Spans20 Oct 2023
- 2023DeepROCK: Error-controlled interaction detection in deep neural networks26 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Attributions of Input Variables in a Coalition23 Sep 2023
- 2023Measuring, Interpreting, and Improving Fairness of Algorithms using Causal Inference and Randomized Experiments4 Sep 2023
- 2023DeLELSTM: Decomposition-based Linear Explainable LSTM to Capture Instantaneous and Long-term Effects in Time Series26 Aug 2023
- 2023Feature Interactions Reveal Linguistic Structure in Language Models21 Jun 2023
- 2023Exploring the cloud of feature interaction scores in a Rashomon set17 May 2023
- 2023The Weighted M"obius Score: A Unified Framework for Feature Attribution16 May 2023
- 2023Asymmetric feature interaction for interpreting model predictions12 May 2023
- 2023A General Framework for Visualizing Embedding Spaces of Neural Survival Analysis Models Based on Angular Information11 May 2023
- 2023Distributing Synergy Functions: Unifying Game-Theoretic Interaction Methods for Machine-Learning Explainability4 May 2023
- 2023How to address monotonicity for model risk management?28 Apr 2023
- 2023Explanations of Black-Box Models based on Directional Feature Interactions16 Apr 2023
- 2023SHAP-IQ: Unified Approximation of any-order Shapley Interactions2 Mar 2023
- 2023Efficient XAI Techniques: A Taxonomic Survey7 Feb 2023
- 2022Bias Mitigation Framework for Intersectional Subgroups in Neural Networks26 Dec 2022
- 2022Trade-off Between Efficiency and Consistency for Removal-based Explanations31 Oct 2022
- 2022Toward Multiple Specialty Learners for Explaining GNNs via Online Knowledge Distillation20 Oct 2022
- 2022Continuous Diagnosis and Prognosis by Controlling the Update Process of Deep Neural Networks6 Oct 2022
50 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 299
- 2022Towards Faithful Model Explanation in NLP: A Surveycited by 129
- 2022Faith-Shap: The Faithful Shapley Interaction Indexcited by 68
- 2023SHAP-IQ: Unified Approximation of any-order Shapley Interactionscited by 50
- 2024shapiq: Shapley Interactions for Machine Learningcited by 42
- 2024Beyond TreeSHAP: Efficient Computation of Any-Order Shapley Interactions for Tree Ensemblescited by 30
- 2022Sparse Interaction Additive Networks via Feature Interaction Detection and Sparse Selectioncited by 28
- 2024Decoupling Pixel Flipping and Occlusion Strategy for Consistent XAI Benchmarkscited by 28
- 2024KernelSHAP-IQ: Weighted Least-Square Optimization for Shapley Interactionscited by 22
- 2021Algorithm Fairness in AI for Medicine and Healthcarecited by 21
- 2022Discovering Salient Neurons in Deep NLP Modelscited by 21
- 2021Connecting Attributions and QA Model Behavior on Realistic Counterfactualscited by 20
12 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Local Additive Feature Attribution: A Mathematical Taxonomy and Reporting Checklist15 Jul 2026
- 2026The Representational Limit of Scalar Interactions: An Interventional Decomposition17 Jun 2026
- 2026XtrAIn: Training-Guided Occlusion for Feature Attribution9 Jun 2026
- 2026Interactions Between Crosscoder Features: A Compact Proofs Perspective8 Jun 2026
- 2026H-Sets: Hessian-Guided Discovery of Set-Level Feature Interactions in Image Classifiers23 Apr 2026
- 2026PolySHAP: Extending KernelSHAP with Interaction-Informed Polynomial Regression26 Jan 2026
- 2025Why is "Chicago" Predictive of Deceptive Reviews? Using LLMs to Discover Language Phenomena from Lexical Cues17 Nov 2025
- 2025Higher-Order Causal Structure Learning with Additive Models5 Nov 2025
- 2025CUBE: Contrastive Understanding by Balanced Experiments13 Sep 2025
- 2025EMMM, Explain Me My Model! Explainable Machine Generated Text Detection in Dialogues26 Aug 2025
- 2025Correcting Gradient-Based Circuit Localization via Interaction-Aware Backpropagation23 May 2025
- 2025iLOCO: Distribution-Free Inference for Feature Interactions10 Feb 2025
12 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)