mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

How does this interaction affect me? Interpretable attribution for feature interactions

arXiv 2006.10965 ↗First posted 19 Jun 2020stat.ML cs.LGcited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

Machine learning transparency calls for interpretable explanations of how inputs relate to predictions. Feature attribution is a way to analyze the impact of features on predictions. Feature interactions are the contextual dependence between features that jointly impact predictions. There are a number of methods that extract feature interactions in prediction models; however, the methods that assign attributions to interactions are either uninterpretable, model-specific, or non-axiomatic. We propose an interaction attribution and detection framework called Archipelago which addresses these problems and is also scalable in real-world settings. Our experiments on standard annotation labels indicate our approach provides significantly more interpretable explanations than comparable methods, which is important for analyzing the impact of interactions on predictions. We also provide accompanying visualizations of our approach that give new insights into deep neural networks.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 15; 2023: 19; 2024: 14; 2025: 7; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 299
  2. 2022Towards Faithful Model Explanation in NLP: A Surveycited by 129
  3. 2022Faith-Shap: The Faithful Shapley Interaction Indexcited by 68
  4. 2023SHAP-IQ: Unified Approximation of any-order Shapley Interactionscited by 50
  5. 2024shapiq: Shapley Interactions for Machine Learningcited by 42
  6. 2024Beyond TreeSHAP: Efficient Computation of Any-Order Shapley Interactions for Tree Ensemblescited by 30
  7. 2022Sparse Interaction Additive Networks via Feature Interaction Detection and Sparse Selectioncited by 28
  8. 2024Decoupling Pixel Flipping and Occlusion Strategy for Consistent XAI Benchmarkscited by 28
  9. 2024KernelSHAP-IQ: Weighted Least-Square Optimization for Shapley Interactionscited by 22
  10. 2021Algorithm Fairness in AI for Medicine and Healthcarecited by 21
  11. 2022Discovering Salient Neurons in Deep NLP Modelscited by 21
  12. 2021Connecting Attributions and QA Model Behavior on Realistic Counterfactualscited by 20
38 more
  1. 2021Logic Traps in Evaluating Attribution Scorescited by 18
  2. 2021PredDiff: Explanations and Interactions from Conditional Expectationscited by 16
  3. 2021MIMIC-IF: Interpretability and Fairness Evaluation of Deep Learning Models on MIMIC-IV Datasetcited by 15
  4. 2021Explainable Deep Learning in Healthcare: A Methodological Survey from an Attribution Viewcited by 15
  5. 2023Explanations of Black-Box Models based on Directional Feature Interactionscited by 15
  6. 2023Efficient XAI Techniques: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 14
  7. 2021Towards Rigorous Interpretations: a Formalisation of Feature Attributioncited by 11
  8. 2021Thermostat: A Large Collection of NLP Model Explanations and Analysis Toolscited by 11
  9. 2024Normalized AOPC: Fixing Misleading Faithfulness Metrics for Feature Attribution Explainabilitycited by 10
  10. 2024Unifying Feature-Based Explanations with Functional ANOVA and Cooperative Game Theorycited by 10
  11. 2024Explaining Text Similarity in Transformer Modelscited by 9
  12. 2023Feature Interactions Reveal Linguistic Structure in Language Modelscited by 8
  13. 2022Trade-off Between Efficiency and Consistency for Removal-based Explanationscited by 6
  14. 2023Sum-of-Parts: Self-Attributing Neural Networks with End-to-End Learning of Feature Groupscited by 6
  15. 2024Why do explanations fail? A typology and discussion on failures in XAIcited by 6
  16. 2024JoPA:Explaining Large Language Model's Generation via Joint Prompt Attributioncited by 6
  17. 2025Explaining Similarity in Vision-Language Encoders with Weighted Banzhaf Interactionscited by 6
  18. 2026PolySHAP: Extending KernelSHAP with Interaction-Informed Polynomial Regressioncited by 6
  19. 2021Interpretable Artificial Intelligence through the Lens of Feature Interactioncited by 5
  20. 2021Improving Attribution Methods by Learning Submodular Functionscited by 5
  21. 2022ReX: A Framework for Incorporating Temporal Information in Model-Agnostic Local Explanation Techniquescited by 5
  22. 2023Exploring the cloud of feature interaction scores in a Rashomon setcited by 5
  23. 2023SmoothHess: ReLU Network Feature Interactions via Stein's Lemmacited by 5
  24. 2024Evaluating Input Feature Explanations through a Unified Diagnostic Evaluation Frameworkcited by 5
  25. 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXpertscited by 5
  26. 2021Fine-grained Interpretation and Causation Analysis in Deep NLP Modelscited by 4
  27. 2022Continuous Diagnosis and Prognosis by Controlling the Update Process of Deep Neural Networkscited by 4
  28. 2023How to address monotonicity for model risk management?cited by 4
  29. 2025Correcting Gradient-Based Circuit Localization via Interaction-Aware Backpropagationcited by 4
  30. 2021Beyond Importance Scores: Interpreting Tabular ML by Visualizing Feature Semanticscited by 3
  31. 2022Explicit Feature Interaction-aware Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
  32. 2022Generalized Groves of Neural Additive Models: Pursuing transparent and accurate machine learning models in financecited by 2
  33. 2022Interpretable Selective Learning in Credit Riskcited by 2
  34. 2022Toward Multiple Specialty Learners for Explaining GNNs via Online Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
  35. 2023Distributing Synergy Functions: Unifying Game-Theoretic Interaction Methods for Machine-Learning Explainabilitycited by 2
  36. 2023A General Framework for Visualizing Embedding Spaces of Neural Survival Analysis Models Based on Angular Informationcited by 2
  37. 2023How Well Do Feature-Additive Explainers Explain Feature-Additive Predictors?cited by 2
  38. 2025iLOCO: Distribution-Free Inference for Feature Interactionscited by 2

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