mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

GCC: Graph Contrastive Coding for Graph Neural Network Pre-Training

arXiv 2006.09963 ↗First posted 17 Jun 2020cs.LG cs.SI stat.MLcited by 461

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Abstract (arXiv)

Graph representation learning has emerged as a powerful technique for addressing real-world problems. Various downstream graph learning tasks have benefited from its recent developments, such as node classification, similarity search, and graph classification. However, prior arts on graph representation learning focus on domain specific problems and train a dedicated model for each graph dataset, which is usually non-transferable to out-of-domain data. Inspired by the recent advances in pre-training from natural language processing and computer vision, we design Graph Contrastive Coding (GCC) -- a self-supervised graph neural network pre-training framework -- to capture the universal network topological properties across multiple networks. We design GCC's pre-training task as subgraph instance discrimination in and across networks and leverage contrastive learning to empower graph neural networks to learn the intrinsic and transferable structural representations. We conduct extensive experiments on three graph learning tasks and ten graph datasets. The results show that GCC pre-trained on a collection of diverse datasets can achieve competitive or better performance to its task-specific and trained-from-scratch counterparts. This suggests that the pre-training and fine-tuning paradigm presents great potential for graph representation learning.

Key facts. Cited by 461 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 89; 2022: 110; 2023: 94; 2024: 87; 2025: 44; 2026: 37.

461 papers.

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  1. 2022Mind the Gap: Understanding the Modality Gap in Multi-modal Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 553
  2. 2022GraphMAE: Self-Supervised Masked Graph Autoencoderscited by 443
  3. 2021Graph Self-Supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 289
  4. 2021Graph Contrastive Learning Automatedcited by 287
  5. 2023A Survey on Self-supervised Learning: Algorithms, Applications, and Future Trendscited by 205
  6. 2021Adversarial Graph Augmentation to Improve Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 200
  7. 2021Self-Supervised Learning of Graph Neural Networks: A Unified Reviewcited by 184
  8. 2021Anomaly Detection on Attributed Networks via Contrastive Self-Supervised Learningcited by 175
  9. 2023GraphPrompt: Unifying Pre-Training and Downstream Tasks for Graph Neural Networkscited by 166
  10. 2022Protein Representation Learning by Geometric Structure Pretrainingcited by 161
  11. 2021Motif-based Graph Self-Supervised Learning for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 159
  12. 2021Supervised Contrastive Replay: Revisiting the Nearest Class Mean Classifier in Online Class-Incremental Continual Learningcited by 140
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  1. 2021From Canonical Correlation Analysis to Self-supervised Graph Neural Networkscited by 138
  2. 2021Self-supervised Learning on Graphs: Contrastive, Generative,or Predictivecited by 136
  3. 2022Data Augmentation for Deep Graph Learning: A Surveycited by 132
  4. 2021Interpreting and Unifying Graph Neural Networks with An Optimization Frameworkcited by 131
  5. 2023GraphMAE2: A Decoding-Enhanced Masked Self-Supervised Graph Learnercited by 131
  6. 2021Self-supervised Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network with Co-contrastive Learningcited by 130
  7. 2021Self-supervised Graph-level Representation Learning with Local and Global Structurecited by 125
  8. 2021BadEncoder: Backdoor Attacks to Pre-trained Encoders in Self-Supervised Learningcited by 120
  9. 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Privacy, Robustness, Fairness, and Explainabilitycited by 118
  10. 2021An Empirical Study of Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 113
  11. 2021InfoGCL: Information-Aware Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 105
  12. 2023Graph Foundation Models: Concepts, Opportunities and Challengescited by 101
  13. 2022Universal Prompt Tuning for Graph Neural Networkscited by 100
  14. 2022Out-Of-Distribution Generalization on Graphs: A Surveycited by 97
  15. 2023PRODIGY: Enabling In-context Learning Over Graphscited by 97
  16. 2021Augmentation-Free Self-Supervised Learning on Graphscited by 94
  17. 2022Federated Learning on Non-IID Graphs via Structural Knowledge Sharingcited by 88
  18. 2024GFT: Graph Foundation Model with Transferable Tree Vocabularycited by 82
  19. 2021SUGAR: Subgraph Neural Network with Reinforcement Pooling and Self-Supervised Mutual Information Mechanismcited by 75
  20. 2021Towards Self-Explainable Graph Neural Networkcited by 75
  21. 2021ProGCL: Rethinking Hard Negative Mining in Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 72
  22. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learningcited by 72
  23. 2021MoCL: Data-driven Molecular Fingerprint via Knowledge-aware Contrastive Learning from Molecular Graphcited by 65
  24. 2022Hypergraph Contrastive Collaborative Filteringcited by 63
  25. 2023Graph Mixture of Experts: Learning on Large-Scale Graphs with Explicit Diversity Modelingcited by 63
  26. 2021GeomGCL: Geometric Graph Contrastive Learning for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 61
  27. 2023Graph Prompt Learning: A Comprehensive Survey and Beyondcited by 61
  28. 2025SAMGPT: Text-free Graph Foundation Model for Multi-domain Pre-training and Cross-domain Adaptationcited by 61
  29. 2024UniGraph: Learning a Unified Cross-Domain Foundation Model for Text-Attributed Graphscited by 60
  30. 2024LLMs as Zero-shot Graph Learners: Alignment of GNN Representations with LLM Token Embeddingscited by 60
  31. 2022Let Invariant Rationale Discovery Inspire Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 57
  32. 2022Beyond Smoothing: Unsupervised Graph Representation Learning with Edge Heterophily Discriminatingcited by 57
  33. 2021Contrastive Self-supervised Sequential Recommendation with Robust Augmentationcited by 56
  34. 2022Graph Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrastive Learning Networks with Augmented Viewcited by 54
  35. 2024Efficient Tuning and Inference for Large Language Models on Textual Graphscited by 54
  36. 2021Automated Self-Supervised Learning for Graphscited by 50
  37. 2023Patton: Language Model Pretraining on Text-Rich Networkscited by 49
  38. 2022Heterogeneous Graph Masked Autoencoderscited by 47

50 most cited of 461 All 461 (JSON)