Trajectron++: Dynamically-Feasible Trajectory Forecasting With Heterogeneous Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Reasoning about human motion is an important prerequisite to safe and socially-aware robotic navigation. As a result, multi-agent behavior prediction has become a core component of modern human-robot interactive systems, such as self-driving cars. While there exist many methods for trajectory forecasting, most do not enforce dynamic constraints and do not account for environmental information (e.g., maps). Towards this end, we present Trajectron++, a modular, graph-structured recurrent model that forecasts the trajectories of a general number of diverse agents while incorporating agent dynamics and heterogeneous data (e.g., semantic maps). Trajectron++ is designed to be tightly integrated with robotic planning and control frameworks; for example, it can produce predictions that are optionally conditioned on ego-agent motion plans. We demonstrate its performance on several challenging real-world trajectory forecasting datasets, outperforming a wide array of state-of-the-art deterministic and generative methods.
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 20; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2022Wayformer: Motion Forecasting via Simple & Efficient Attention Networkscited by 280
- 2021MultiPath++: Efficient Information Fusion and Trajectory Aggregation for Behavior Predictioncited by 246
- 2023MotionLM: Multi-Agent Motion Forecasting as Language Modelingcited by 156
- 2021Latent Variable Sequential Set Transformers For Joint Multi-Agent Motion Predictioncited by 131
- 2022Imitation Is Not Enough: Robustifying Imitation with Reinforcement Learning for Challenging Driving Scenarioscited by 129
- 2022GroupNet: Multiscale Hypergraph Neural Networks for Trajectory Prediction with Relational Reasoningcited by 128
- 2021Multimodal Trajectory Prediction Conditioned on Lane-Graph Traversalscited by 113
- 2022HDGT: Heterogeneous Driving Graph Transformer for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Scene Encodingcited by 110
- 2023EqMotion: Equivariant Multi-agent Motion Prediction with Invariant Interaction Reasoningcited by 97
- 2022Remember Intentions: Retrospective-Memory-based Trajectory Predictioncited by 86
- 2022M2I: From Factored Marginal Trajectory Prediction to Interactive Predictioncited by 81
- 2021LaPred: Lane-Aware Prediction of Multi-Modal Future Trajectories of Dynamic Agentscited by 64
38 more
- 2021Stepwise Goal-Driven Networks for Trajectory Predictioncited by 62
- 2022Occupancy Flow Fields for Motion Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 62
- 2023Scenario Diffusion: Controllable Driving Scenario Generation With Diffusioncited by 47
- 2021RAIN: Reinforced Hybrid Attention Inference Network for Motion Forecastingcited by 36
- 2022Goal-driven Self-Attentive Recurrent Networks for Trajectory Predictioncited by 29
- 2022Dynamic-Group-Aware Networks for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Relational Reasoningcited by 28
- 2022Deep Interactive Motion Prediction and Planning: Playing Games with Motion Prediction Modelscited by 27
- 2022SMEMO: Social Memory for Trajectory Forecastingcited by 26
- 2022LatentFormer: Multi-Agent Transformer-Based Interaction Modeling and Trajectory Predictioncited by 19
- 2021Euro-PVI: Pedestrian Vehicle Interactions in Dense Urban Centerscited by 16
- 2025Unified Uncertainty-Aware Diffusion for Multi-Agent Trajectory Modelingcited by 15
- 2021HYPER: Learned Hybrid Trajectory Prediction via Factored Inference and Adaptive Samplingcited by 12
- 2024TranSPORTmer: A Holistic Approach to Trajectory Understanding in Multi-Agent Sportscited by 11
- 2021Learning Sparse Interaction Graphs of Partially Detected Pedestrians for Trajectory Predictioncited by 10
- 2022Narrowing the Coordinate-frame Gap in Behavior Prediction Models: Distillation for Efficient and Accurate Scene-centric Motion Forecastingcited by 10
- 2022D2-TPred: Discontinuous Dependency for Trajectory Prediction under Traffic Lightscited by 10
- 2024Curb Your Attention: Causal Attention Gating for Robust Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2021TIP: Task-Informed Motion Prediction for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 8
- 2022Under the Hood of Transformer Networks for Trajectory Forecastingcited by 8
- 2024Rethinking Attention: Polynomial Alternatives to Softmax in Transformerscited by 8
- 2024Scaling Motion Forecasting Models with Ensemble Distillationcited by 6
- 2024Multi-Agent Inverse Reinforcement Learning in Real World Unstructured Pedestrian Crowdscited by 6
- 2021Review of Video Predictive Understanding: Early Action Recognition and Future Action Predictioncited by 5
- 2022T2FPV: Dataset and Method for Correcting First-Person View Errors in Pedestrian Trajectory Predictioncited by 5
- 2023Distilling Knowledge for Short-to-Long Term Trajectory Predictioncited by 5
- 2023DESTINE: Dynamic Goal Queries with Temporal Transductive Alignment for Trajectory Predictioncited by 5
- 2025Leaner Transformers: More Heads, Less Depthcited by 5
- 2025JointDiff: Bridging Continuous and Discrete in Multi-Agent Trajectory Generationcited by 5
- 2021CovarianceNet: Conditional Generative Model for Correct Covariance Prediction in Human Motion Predictioncited by 4
- 2023Diverse Probabilistic Trajectory Forecasting with Admissibility Constraintscited by 3
- 2023Obstacle-Transformer: A Trajectory Prediction Network Based on Surrounding Trajectoriescited by 3
- 2025Enhancing Transformers Through Conditioned Embedded Tokenscited by 3
- 2026Spectral Conditioning of Attention Improves Transformer Performancecited by 3
- 2026Heteroscedastic Diffusion for Multi-Agent Trajectory Modelingcited by 3
- 2022Toward Smart Doors: A Position Papercited by 2
- 2023Smooth-Trajectron++: Augmenting the Trajectron++ behaviour prediction model with smooth attentioncited by 1
- 2024RiskMap: A Unified Driving Context Representation for Autonomous Motion Planning in Urban Driving Environmentcited by 1
- 2021Motion Prediction Performance Analysis for Autonomous Driving Systems and the Effects of Tracking Noisecited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026Conditioned Initialization for Attention7 Sep 2026
- 2026Heteroscedastic Diffusion for Multi-Agent Trajectory Modeling11 May 2026
- 2026Spectral Conditioning of Attention Improves Transformer Performance7 Mar 2026
- 2025SPOT!: Map-Guided LLM Agent for Unsupervised Multi-CCTV Dynamic Object Tracking24 Dec 2025
- 2025JointDiff: Bridging Continuous and Discrete in Multi-Agent Trajectory Generation26 Sep 2025
- 2025Causal Sensitivity Identification using Generative Learning1 Sep 2025
- 2025Leaner Transformers: More Heads, Less Depth27 May 2025
- 2025Enhancing Transformers Through Conditioned Embedded Tokens19 May 2025
- 2025Unified Uncertainty-Aware Diffusion for Multi-Agent Trajectory Modeling24 Mar 2025
- 2024Rethinking Attention: Polynomial Alternatives to Softmax in Transformers24 Oct 2024
- 2024TranSPORTmer: A Holistic Approach to Trajectory Understanding in Multi-Agent Sports23 Oct 2024
- 2024Curb Your Attention: Causal Attention Gating for Robust Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving23 Sep 2024
38 more
- 2024Vectorized Representation Dreamer (VRD): Dreaming-Assisted Multi-Agent Motion-Forecasting20 Jun 2024
- 2024RiskMap: A Unified Driving Context Representation for Autonomous Motion Planning in Urban Driving Environment6 Jun 2024
- 2024Multi-Agent Inverse Reinforcement Learning in Real World Unstructured Pedestrian Crowds26 May 2024
- 2024Scaling Motion Forecasting Models with Ensemble Distillation5 Apr 2024
- 2023Learning Socio-Temporal Graphs for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction22 Dec 2023
- 2023Scenario Diffusion: Controllable Driving Scenario Generation With Diffusion5 Nov 2023
- 2023DESTINE: Dynamic Goal Queries with Temporal Transductive Alignment for Trajectory Prediction11 Oct 2023
- 2023MotionLM: Multi-Agent Motion Forecasting as Language Modeling28 Sep 2023
- 2023Smooth-Trajectron++: Augmenting the Trajectron++ behaviour prediction model with smooth attention31 May 2023
- 2023Distilling Knowledge for Short-to-Long Term Trajectory Prediction15 May 2023
- 2023Obstacle-Transformer: A Trajectory Prediction Network Based on Surrounding Trajectories16 Apr 2023
- 2023EqMotion: Equivariant Multi-agent Motion Prediction with Invariant Interaction Reasoning20 Mar 2023
- 2023Diverse Probabilistic Trajectory Forecasting with Admissibility Constraints7 Feb 2023
- 2022Imitation Is Not Enough: Robustifying Imitation with Reinforcement Learning for Challenging Driving Scenarios21 Dec 2022
- 2022Toward Smart Doors: A Position Paper23 Sep 2022
- 2022T2FPV: Dataset and Method for Correcting First-Person View Errors in Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction22 Sep 2022
- 2022Reproducibility Report: Contrastive Learning of Socially-aware Motion Representations18 Aug 2022
- 2022D2-TPred: Discontinuous Dependency for Trajectory Prediction under Traffic Lights21 Jul 2022
- 2022[Reproducibility Report] Path Planning using Neural A* Search16 Jul 2022
- 2022Wayformer: Motion Forecasting via Simple & Efficient Attention Networks12 Jul 2022
- 2022Dynamic-Group-Aware Networks for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Relational Reasoning27 Jun 2022
- 2022Narrowing the Coordinate-frame Gap in Behavior Prediction Models: Distillation for Efficient and Accurate Scene-centric Motion Forecasting8 Jun 2022
- 2022HDGT: Heterogeneous Driving Graph Transformer for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Scene Encoding30 Apr 2022
- 2022Unified Simulation, Perception, and Generation of Human Behavior28 Apr 2022
- 2022Goal-driven Self-Attentive Recurrent Networks for Trajectory Prediction25 Apr 2022
- 2022GroupNet: Multiscale Hypergraph Neural Networks for Trajectory Prediction with Relational Reasoning19 Apr 2022
- 2022Deep Interactive Motion Prediction and Planning: Playing Games with Motion Prediction Models5 Apr 2022
- 2022SMEMO: Social Memory for Trajectory Forecasting23 Mar 2022
- 2022Under the Hood of Transformer Networks for Trajectory Forecasting22 Mar 2022
- 2022Remember Intentions: Retrospective-Memory-based Trajectory Prediction22 Mar 2022
- 2022Occupancy Flow Fields for Motion Forecasting in Autonomous Driving8 Mar 2022
- 2022LatentFormer: Multi-Agent Transformer-Based Interaction Modeling and Trajectory Prediction3 Mar 2022
- 2022M2I: From Factored Marginal Trajectory Prediction to Interactive Prediction24 Feb 2022
- 2021MultiPath++: Efficient Information Fusion and Trajectory Aggregation for Behavior Prediction29 Nov 2021
- 2021TIP: Task-Informed Motion Prediction for Intelligent Vehicles17 Oct 2021
- 2021HYPER: Learned Hybrid Trajectory Prediction via Factored Inference and Adaptive Sampling5 Oct 2021
- 2021CovarianceNet: Conditional Generative Model for Correct Covariance Prediction in Human Motion Prediction7 Sep 2021
- 2021RAIN: Reinforced Hybrid Attention Inference Network for Motion Forecasting3 Aug 2021
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2023MotionLM: Multi-Agent Motion Forecasting as Language Modelingcited by 156
- 2021MultiPath++: Efficient Information Fusion and Trajectory Aggregation for Behavior Predictioncited by 246
- 2021Latent Variable Sequential Set Transformers For Joint Multi-Agent Motion Predictioncited by 131
- 2022GroupNet: Multiscale Hypergraph Neural Networks for Trajectory Prediction with Relational Reasoningcited by 128
- 2021Multimodal Trajectory Prediction Conditioned on Lane-Graph Traversalscited by 113
- 2022HDGT: Heterogeneous Driving Graph Transformer for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Scene Encodingcited by 110
- 2023EqMotion: Equivariant Multi-agent Motion Prediction with Invariant Interaction Reasoningcited by 97
- 2022Remember Intentions: Retrospective-Memory-based Trajectory Predictioncited by 86
- 2022M2I: From Factored Marginal Trajectory Prediction to Interactive Predictioncited by 81
- 2021LaPred: Lane-Aware Prediction of Multi-Modal Future Trajectories of Dynamic Agentscited by 64
- 2021Stepwise Goal-Driven Networks for Trajectory Predictioncited by 62
- 2022Occupancy Flow Fields for Motion Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 62
- 2023Scenario Diffusion: Controllable Driving Scenario Generation With Diffusioncited by 47
12 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026Conditioned Initialization for Attention7 Sep 2026
- 2026Spectral Conditioning of Attention Improves Transformer Performance7 Mar 2026
- 2025SPOT!: Map-Guided LLM Agent for Unsupervised Multi-CCTV Dynamic Object Tracking24 Dec 2025
- 2025JointDiff: Bridging Continuous and Discrete in Multi-Agent Trajectory Generation26 Sep 2025
- 2025Causal Sensitivity Identification using Generative Learning1 Sep 2025
- 2025Leaner Transformers: More Heads, Less Depth27 May 2025
- 2025Enhancing Transformers Through Conditioned Embedded Tokens19 May 2025
- 2025Unified Uncertainty-Aware Diffusion for Multi-Agent Trajectory Modeling24 Mar 2025
- 2024Rethinking Attention: Polynomial Alternatives to Softmax in Transformers24 Oct 2024
- 2024TranSPORTmer: A Holistic Approach to Trajectory Understanding in Multi-Agent Sports23 Oct 2024
- 2024Curb Your Attention: Causal Attention Gating for Robust Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving23 Sep 2024
- 2024Vectorized Representation Dreamer (VRD): Dreaming-Assisted Multi-Agent Motion-Forecasting20 Jun 2024
12 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)