mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography via Invertible Neural Network

arXiv 2304.12300 ↗First posted 24 Apr 2023cs.CV cs.CRcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

Video steganography is the art of unobtrusively concealing secret data in a cover video and then recovering the secret data through a decoding protocol at the receiver end. Although several attempts have been made, most of them are limited to low-capacity and fixed steganography. To rectify these weaknesses, we propose a Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography Network (LF-VSN) in this paper. For large-capacity, we present a reversible pipeline to perform multiple videos hiding and recovering through a single invertible neural network (INN). Our method can hide/recover 7 secret videos in/from 1 cover video with promising performance. For flexibility, we propose a key-controllable scheme, enabling different receivers to recover particular secret videos from the same cover video through specific keys. Moreover, we further improve the flexibility by proposing a scalable strategy in multiple videos hiding, which can hide variable numbers of secret videos in a cover video with a single model and a single training session. Extensive experiments demonstrate that with the significant improvement of the video steganography performance, our proposed LF-VSN has high security, large hiding capacity, and flexibility. The source code is available at https://github.com/MC-E/LF-VSN.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2023.

Builds on

19 of 52 references.

References · 19

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,720
  3. 2016Density estimation using Real NVPcited by 2,042
  4. 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,545
  5. 2014NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimationcited by 1,058
  6. 2017Video Enhancement with Task-Oriented Flowcited by 619
  7. 2018HiDDeN: Hiding Data With Deep Networkscited by 397
  8. 2019StegaStamp: Invisible Hyperlinks in Physical Photographscited by 265
  9. 2019Robust Invisible Video Watermarking with Attentioncited by 149
  10. 2020Invertible Image Rescalingcited by 92
  11. 2021Flow-based Kernel Prior with Application to Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 74
  12. 2021Invertible Denoising Network: A Light Solution for Real Noise Removalcited by 68
7 more
  1. 2017Generating Steganographic Images via Adversarial Trainingcited by 58
  2. 2018ReDMark: Framework for Residual Diffusion Watermarking on Deep Networkscited by 57
  3. 2014StegExpose - A Tool for Detecting LSB Steganographycited by 25
  4. 2022Re^2TAL: Rewiring Pretrained Video Backbones for Reversible Temporal Action Localizationcited by 19
  5. 2021Video Rescaling Networks with Joint Optimization Strategies for Downscaling and Upscalingcited by 6
  6. 2017Unsupervised Steganalysis Based on Artificial Training Setscited by 5
  7. 2022Hiding Images in Deep Probabilistic Modelscited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 9; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2023EditGuard: Versatile Image Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Copyright Protectioncited by 111
  2. 2023WavMark: Watermarking for Audio Generationcited by 50
  3. 2024V2A-Mark: Versatile Deep Visual-Audio Watermarking for Manipulation Localization and Copyright Protectioncited by 28
  4. 2024GS-Hider: Hiding Messages into 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
  5. 2024Generative Text Steganography with Large Language Modelcited by 17
  6. 2025All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Key-Secured 3D Secrets within 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  7. 2024SoK: On the Role and Future of AIGC Watermarking in the Era of Gen-AIcited by 14
  8. 2023THInImg: Cross-modal Steganography for Presenting Talking Heads in Imagescited by 6
  9. 2025GS-Marker: Generalizable and Robust Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
  10. 2024Robust Message Embedding via Attention Flow-Based Steganographycited by 5
  11. 2024Dr2Net: Dynamic Reversible Dual-Residual Networks for Memory-Efficient Finetuningcited by 3
  12. 2024Splats in Splats: Robust and Effective 3D Steganography towards Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
9 more
  1. 2025VisGuard: Securing Visualization Dissemination through Tamper-Resistant Data Retrievalcited by 2
  2. 2023Implicit Steganography Beyond the Constraints of Modalitycited by 1
  3. 2025SMILENet: Unleashing Extra-Large Capacity Image Steganography via a Synergistic Mosaic InvertibLE Hiding Networkcited by 1
  4. 2025StegaVAR: Privacy-Preserving Video Action Recognition via Steganographic Domain Analysiscited by 1
  5. 2024NeR-VCP: A Video Content Protection Method Based on Implicit Neural Representationcited by 0
  6. 2024CausalVE: Face Video Privacy Encryption via Causal Video Predictioncited by 0
  7. 2025Tackling Ill-posedness of Reversible Image Conversion with Well-posed Invertible Networkcited by 0
  8. 2026ACF: A Collaborative Framework for Agent Covert Communication under Cognitive Asymmetrycited by 0
  9. 2026Splats in Splats++: Robust and Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Steganographycited by 0