mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Detecting GAN-generated Imagery using Color Cues

arXiv 1812.08247 ↗First posted 19 Dec 2018cs.CVcited by 75

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Abstract (arXiv)

Image forensics is an increasingly relevant problem, as it can potentially address online disinformation campaigns and mitigate problematic aspects of social media. Of particular interest, given its recent successes, is the detection of imagery produced by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), e.g. `deepfakes'. Leveraging large training sets and extensive computing resources, recent work has shown that GANs can be trained to generate synthetic imagery which is (in some ways) indistinguishable from real imagery. We analyze the structure of the generating network of a popular GAN implementation, and show that the network's treatment of color is markedly different from a real camera in two ways. We further show that these two cues can be used to distinguish GAN-generated imagery from camera imagery, demonstrating effective discrimination between GAN imagery and real camera images used to train the GAN.

Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Dec 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 10; 2023: 10; 2024: 15; 2025: 14; 2026: 12.

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  1. 2023DIRE for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 386
  2. 2024A Sanity Check for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 187
  3. 2023Identifying and Mitigating the Security Risks of Generative AIcited by 90
  4. 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
  5. 2021WaveFake: A Data Set to Facilitate Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 78
  6. 2024Can ChatGPT Detect DeepFakes? A Study of Using Multimodal Large Language Models for Media Forensicscited by 68
  7. 2021Improving the Efficiency and Robustness of Deepfakes Detection through Precise Geometric Featurescited by 57
  8. 2021Eyes Tell All: Irregular Pupil Shapes Reveal GAN-generated Facescited by 48
  9. 2024LaRE2: Latent Reconstruction Error Based Method for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 47
  10. 2024RIGID: A Training-free and Model-Agnostic Framework for Robust AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 36
  11. 2022GAN-generated Faces Detection: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 29
  12. 2023Deep Image Fingerprint: Towards Low Budget Synthetic Image Detection and Model Lineage Analysiscited by 29
38 more
  1. 2021Robust Attentive Deep Neural Network for Exposing GAN-generated Facescited by 28
  2. 2023A Representative Study on Human Detection of Artificially Generated Media Across Countriescited by 22
  3. 2024ManiFPT: Defining and Analyzing Fingerprints of Generative Modelscited by 18
  4. 2025Zooming In on Fakes: A Novel Dataset for Localized AI-Generated Image Detection with Forgery Amplification Approachcited by 16
  5. 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlookcited by 15
  6. 2024ForgeLens: Data-Efficient Forgery Focus for Generalizable Forgery Image Detectioncited by 14
  7. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  8. 2022D4: Detection of Adversarial Diffusion Deepfakes Using Disjoint Ensemblescited by 11
  9. 2022Open-Eye: An Open Platform to Study Human Performance on Identifying AI-Synthesized Facescited by 11
  10. 2021Metric Learning for Anti-Compression Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 9
  11. 2021SoK: Machine Learning Governancecited by 9
  12. 2024Towards the Detection of AI-Synthesized Human Face Imagescited by 8
  13. 2025NS-Net: Decoupling CLIP Semantic Information through NULL-Space for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 7
  14. 2021Detecting Deepfake Videos Using Euler Video Magnificationcited by 4
  15. 2021FakeTransformer: Exposing Face Forgery From Spatial-Temporal Representation Modeled By Facial Pixel Variationscited by 4
  16. 2024Spectrum Translation for Refinement of Image Generation (STIG) Based on Contrastive Learning and Spectral Filter Profilecited by 4
  17. 2024When AI Eats Itself: On the Caveats of AI Autophagycited by 4
  18. 2024Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detectioncited by 4
  19. 2025SFLD: Reducing the content bias for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 4
  20. 2025SPRINT: Robust Model Attribution of Generated Images via Secret Pixel Reconstructioncited by 4
  21. 2021Making Generated Images Hard To Spot: A Transferable Attack On Synthetic Image Detectorscited by 3
  22. 2021Improved Xception with Dual Attention Mechanism and Feature Fusion for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 3
  23. 2022Detecting High-Quality GAN-Generated Face Images using Neural Networkscited by 3
  24. 2022Anisotropic multiresolution analyses for deepfake detectioncited by 3
  25. 2025bfD3QE: Learning Discrete Distribution Discrepancy-aware Quantization Error for Autoregressive-Generated Image Detectioncited by 3
  26. 2026Diffusion Epistemic Uncertainty with Asymmetric Learning for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 3
  27. 2026UniGenDet: A Unified Generative-Discriminative Framework for Co-Evolutionary Image Generation and Generated Image Detectioncited by 3
  28. 2021Robust Face-Swap Detection Based on 3D Facial Shape Informationcited by 2
  29. 2021PROVES: Establishing Image Provenance using Semantic Signaturescited by 2
  30. 2022An Audio-Visual Attention Based Multimodal Network for Fake Talking Face Videos Detectioncited by 2
  31. 2022Dataset and Case Studies for Visual Near-Duplicates Detection in the Context of Social Mediacited by 2
  32. 2022Few-shot Forgery Detection via Guided Adversarial Interpolationcited by 2
  33. 2023ForensicsForest Family: A Series of Multi-scale Hierarchical Cascade Forests for Detecting GAN-generated Facescited by 2
  34. 2023Generalized Deepfakes Detection with Reconstructed-Blended Images and Multi-scale Feature Reconstruction Networkcited by 2
  35. 2024Tex-ViT: A Generalizable, Robust, Texture-based dual-branch cross-attention deepfake detectorcited by 2
  36. 2024Learning on Less: Constraining Pre-trained Model Learning for Generalizable Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 2
  37. 2024EditScout: Locating Forged Regions from Diffusion-based Edited Images with Multimodal LLMcited by 2
  38. 2025LiteUpdate: A Lightweight Framework for Updating AI-Generated Image Detectorscited by 2

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